AP Gov Review Terms - Sorted by Chapter PDF

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Ch.

Term

Definition Formal approval of President’s actions.

Related Terms

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Advice and Consent

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Anti-Federalist

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Articles of Confederation

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Bicameral

Two-house legislature.

House of Representatives Senta

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Bill of Rights

Includes essential individual rights that were violated under the British regime.

Anti-Federalists

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Checks and Balances

The limiting powers each branch can use on others.

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Commerce Clause

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Declaration of Independence

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Electoral College

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Elite Democracy

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Enumerated Powers

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Extradition

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Federalist Papers

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Federalism

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Federalist

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Full Faith and Credit Clause

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Grand Committee

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Great Compromise

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House of Representatives

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Impeachment

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James Madison

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Judicial Review

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National Supremacy

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Necessary and Proper Clause

They opposed the adoption of the Constitution. They emphasized the importance of a Bill of Rights. A series of statements that defined the initial national government and redefined the former colonies as states.

⅔ Override Federalist John Dickinson

House of Reps: Impeachment Senate: Tries impeachment

Empowers Congress to “regulate commerce with other Enumerated Power nations, and among the several states.” An official statement summarizing the colonists’ views. They justified the break from Britain and proclaimed to Continental Congress the world the reasons for independence. Body of electors established by the US Constitution tasked with the job of electing the President and Vice Presidential Election President of the US. Elected representatives make decisions and act as trustees for the people who elected them. Explicitly stated in the Constitution. Ex. powers to tax, borrow money, raise an army, etc. States were expected to extradite, or return, fugitives to states where they had committed crimes and runaway slaves to states they had fled. Series of essays explaining the Framers intentions. Wanted to assure citizens that they had created a federal system and that states had not lost their importance. A system of government that divides the power between the national and state governments. Assures a limited government.

Trustees Implied Powers Fugitive Slave Act

Alexander Hamilton John Jay Marble Cake Federalism Layered Cake Federalism

Believed in strong central government with fiscal roots. Anti-federalist Emphasized need for new constitution. Requires states to be open about their laws and Extradition encourages states to respect one another’s laws. A committee made up of one delegate from each of the Articles of Confederation states represented at the convention. A two-house Congress (House of Representatives and House of Representatives Senate). The house’s proportion of delegates will be based on population and the senate will have 2 Senate delegates per state. House in legislature where seats are rewarded based on population. An accusation or indictment of wrongdoing. Stated in Article I, Section II “Father of the Constitution.” Great influence in creating the plan for the new government and his stalwart support of it during the ratification process. Courts can deem an act of the legislature unconstitutional when deciding on a case. Describes the U.S. Constitution's authority over laws created by states that may be at odds with the goals held by the nation’s founder when they created the new government. This provision states that “The Congress shall have power… to make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forgoing powers…” This goes beyond enumerated powers.

Senate Charges Constitution Supreme Court

Federalism

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New Jersey Plan

This assured that states would retain sovereignty: it proposed that the national legislature would have only limited and defined powers: and it included no provision for national courts.

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Participatory Democracy

This form of democracy depends on direct participation of many people in society, not only in government but in public life as well.

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Pluralist Democracy

Nongovernmental groups organize to try to exert influence on political decision-making.

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Pocket Veto

The refusal to sign a bill until it is too late to be dealt with in the legislative session.

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Popular Sovereignty

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Preamble

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Representative Republic

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Republicanism

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Reserved Powers

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Senate

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Separation of Powers

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Social Contract

An implicit agreement among the members of society to cooperate for social benefits, for example, sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.

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Supremacy Clause

Makes certain that all states must adhere to the Constitution.

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3/5ths Compromise

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⅔ Override

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USA Patriot Act

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Veto

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Virginia Plan

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Americans With Disabilities Act

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Block grants

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Categorical grants

When people have the ultimate ruling authority in society. A mission statement that began with “We the people '' and outlined the purposes of the new government, such as establishing justice and providing for a common defense. A collection of sovereign states gathered for the national interest, national needs, and the national defense. A representative form of government organization. A political ideology of ceneted on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution. (implied powers) A smaller upper assembly in the U.S. Congress who maintains several powers to itself. They ratify treaties by a ⅔ supermajority vote and confirm the appointments of the President by a majority vote. Defines the distinct responsibilities and limits of each branch to keep any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Only three of every five slaves would be counted for the purpose of representation in the House of Representatives. Congress could not stop the importation of slaves for 20 years after the ratification. If the president vetoes a bill, the Congress, each house acting separately, can reverse the veto, requiring a two-thirds supermajority vote in each house. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Apprpriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The law covered intelligence gathering and sharing by executive branch agencies, points of criminal procedure, and border protection. A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body. A proposal by Virginia delegates during the United States Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited while we waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention. Made public sector buildings and transportation systems accessible for disabled individuals. Offer larger sums of money to the states to take care of some large, overarching purpose, without the strings of the categorical grants Grants with particular congressional guidelines or requirements

Virginia Plan

Interest Groups Veto Executive Branch Bleeding Kansas

Constitiution

Implied Powers Explicit Powers U.S. Congress House of Representatives Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Thomas Hobbes

Advice and Consent

New Jersey Plan

Categorical Grants. Conditions of Aid, Strings Block grants

Set requirements and timetables for dealing with urban smog, acid rain, and toxic pollutants. Gives Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian.”

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Clean Air Act

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Commerce Clause

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Compact Theory

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Concurrent Powers

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Conditions of Aid/Strings

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Cooperative Federalism

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Delegated Powers

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Devolution

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Dual Federalism

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Extradition Clause

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Federal Income Tax

Created by the 16th Amendment; expanded Congress’s reach of regulation

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Federalism

The sharing of power between a central government and equally sovereign regional governments, became a key part of the framework to secure liberty while also dividing respective powers among multiple authorities

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Fiscal Federalism

The pattern of taxing, spending, and providing federal grants to state and local governments.

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Full Faith and Credit Clause

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Grants in Aid

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Implied Powers

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Mandates

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Marble Cake Federalism

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McCulloch v Maryland

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New Federalism

US v Lopez

Held that the 13 sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a compact, or contract, regarding its jurisdiction Powers held by authorities at both levels, state and federal Federal government decides to pay the bill, as long as the states follow federal guidelines while taking care of the issue. The intermingled relationships among the national, state, and local governments to deliver services to citizens. Expressed powers; those the Constitution delegates to the federal government in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution

Categorical Grants1

Strict Constructionist

The continued effort to return original reserved powers to the states. The supremacy of the national and state governments in their own spheres, a Supreme court doctrine common from the civil war until the new deal. Obligates states to deliver captured fugitive criminals back to the state where they committed the original crime

Requires states to respect other states’ laws and policies Developed over a two hundred year history and picked up steadily to meet the needs of society during the Progressive Era, with FDR’s New Deal and the Great Society Program; helps states take care of basic state needs Powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but those which derive from the elastic clause Require states to comply with a federal directive, sometimes with the reward of funds and sometimes- in unfunded mandates-without. Federalism in which the roles of the government become intertwined between each part of the government Addressed the balance of power between the states and the federal government; defined the scope of the US Congress’s legislative power and how it relates to the powers of the American state legislatures A return to more distinct lines of responsibility for federal and state governments, begun by President Ronald Reagan.

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No Child Left Behind Act

Declared that every child can learn and that schools and states should be accountable for student learning. Called for ¨highly qualified¨ teachers in core subjects of every classroom.

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Nullification

The right to declare null and void any federal law if a state thought the law violated the Constitution

Supremacy Clause

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Necessary and Proper Clause, Supremacy Clause, Gibbons v Ogden

Federalism

Powers to create and enforce laws on health, safety, and morals Declares ¨citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.¨

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Police Powers

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Privileges and Immunities Clause

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Reserved Powers

Powers not specifically listed, and thus any powers not 10th Amendment listed remain to the states.

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Revenue Sharing

A policy under fiscal federalism that requires both national and local funds for programs.

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Selective Exclusiveness

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Strict Constructionist

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Strings

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Tenth Amendment

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Unitary Government

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United States v Lopez

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Whiskey Rebellion

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Advice and Consent

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Baker v. Carr (1962)

Supreme Court case which ruled that state reapportionment claims are justiciable in federal court

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Bicameral

Two-house legislature; the U.S. bicameral legislature consists of the House and Senate

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Caucuses

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform

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Cloture Rule

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Committee of the Whole

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Committee on Committees (Repbulican)

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Conference Chair

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Conference Committees

A conference committee is a joint committee of the United States Congress appointed by the House of Representatives and Senate to resolve disagreements on a particular bill.

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Congressional Oversight

Congress, through its committees, conducts this to ensure that executive branch agencies, such as the FBI or the TSA, are carrying out the policy or program as defined by Congress.

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Deficit

The difference between spending and revenue

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Delegate Model

constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency.

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Discharge Petition

A modern device that functions as a step toward transparency and democracy in the House.

A doctrine asserting that only Congress may regulate when the commodity requires a national uniform rule. One who believes the Constitution should be interpreted literally, or strictly construed; what the Constitution did not expressly permit, it forbade Specific requirements attached to grants. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people Those with a single governing authority in a central capital with uniform law throughout the land (UK, France, Italy, and Japan) Landmark case of the US Supreme Court concerning the Commerce Clause; held that Congress had exceeded its power to legislate under the Commerce Clause Controversy brewed after a federal tax was placed on whiskey distillers of the backcountry. Opponents challenged the new national government and refused to pay taxes. Allows Senators to reject major presidential appointees such as Cabinet secretaries and federal judges.

Enabled and required a two-thirds supermajority to close up or stop debate on a bill and call for a vote. Created to allow longer debate among fewer people and allow members to vote as a group rather than in an individual roll call Assigns which members of the party are assigned to the standing committees. This chairperson takes care of party matters, such as heading the organization of party-centered groups in each house.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Delegated Powers Conditions of Aid 9th Amendment

Commerce Clause

Federal Income Tax

Reapportionment; Redistricting

Senate

In American public finance, discretionary spending is government spending implemented through an appropriations bill. This spending is an optional part of fiscal policy, in contrast to entitlement programs for which funding is mandatory and determined by the number of eligible recipients. When funds are directed to a very specific purpose, such as building a senior citizen center in a legislator’s district.

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Discretionary Spending

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Earmark

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Enumerated Powers

The framers assigned Congress a limited number of specific powers.

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Estate Taxes

a tax levied on the net value of the estate of a deceased person before distribution to the heirs.

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Expressed Powers

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Filibuster

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Floor Leaders

Lead debate among their party and guide the discussion from their side of the aisle

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Germane

Requires that Amendments are relevant to the topic of the bill

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Gerrymandering

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Gridlock

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Hold

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House Judiciary Committee

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Impeach

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Implied Powers

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Interest

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Joint Committees

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Logrolling

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Mandatory Spending

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Marginal Seats

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Markup Session

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Multiple Referral

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Non-Germane Amendments

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Omnibus Bill

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Politico Model

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Pork Barrel Spending

Expressly stated in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. Senators may try to stall or kill a bill by speaking for an extremely long time in order to let time run out on a deadline for voting on a bill or to wear out the opposition

Illogical district lines drawn to give an advantage to one party The inability of the government to act because opposing parties control different parts of the government A measure to stall a bill Drafts crime bills that define illegal behavior and outline appropriate punishments To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office Powers of Congress that are not specifically stated in the Constitution, but are still required to fulfill the obligations of the enumerated powers

Reapportionment; Redistricting; Safe seats; Marginal seats; Swing districts

Standing committees

Enumerated Powers

Money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of debt Standing committees that unite members from the Standing committees House and Senate Trading votes to gain support for a bill Expenditures required by law, or mandated, for certain programs Ex: Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security Districts that have closer elections Swing districts A process by which a bill is altered An occurrence wherein multiple committees have overlapping jurisdiction on a bill Ex: A military spending bill is examined by both the Armed Service committee and the Appropriations Committee An amendment that would add new and different subject matter to, or may be irrelevant to, the bill or other measure it seeks to amend. A bill that takes ca...