A&P Study guide - Muscular system PDF

Title A&P Study guide - Muscular system
Author Kelley Daly-Schwarz
Course Human Anatomy & Physiol Lab II
Institution National University (US)
Pages 3
File Size 76.1 KB
File Type PDF
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Download A&P Study guide - Muscular system PDF


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Bio 160 Study guide – Muscular System- Chap. 7 & Lab 4 Describe the 4 characteristics of muscle tissues Excitability Contractability Extensibility Elasticity Describe the functions of muscle tissue in the body Supports soft tissue within the body cavities Maintains posture Maintains body temperature Movement voluntary and involuntary Protection – guards entrances and exits of the body Name and describe the 3 types of muscle tissue, including their histological appearance, shape of cells, neural control, location, and any unique characteristics (see also chap. 4 in your textbook) Skeletal Muscle tissue: Cells are long, cylindrical and multinucleate : Voluntary Appear striated (attached to the skeleton) Cardiac Muscle tissue: Cells are short, branching and have a big nucleus: Involuntary Appear striated ( Makes up the myocardium of heart) Connects at intercalated discs Smooth visceral muscle tissue: Cells are short spindle shaped and have a single nucleus: Involuntary, NOT Striated (makes up walls of organs and blood vessels) Describe the anatomical structure of skeletal muscles in the body, including the relationship between the muscle cells (fibers) and the surrounding layers of connective tissues Myofibril surrounded by endomysium, actin, myosin, fascicle, perimysium, mitrochondria, all surrounded by epimysium What is a tendon, and what is it made of? What is an aponeurosis? A collagenous band that connect a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton. It’s made up of Dense Regular Connective Tissue. Aponeurosis is a FLAT tendon (such as the external oblique) Describe and be able to draw a representation of the microanatomy of skeletal muscle fibers (cells). Include the following features and be able to describe their functions in relationship to the cells: Sarcolemma – Plasma membrane Transverse (“T”) tubules – membraneous channels or passageways thru the muscle fiber Sarcoplasm Multinucleate – multiple nucleus Sarcoplasmic reticulum - a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum forming a tubular network around each myofibril Terminal cisternae – on either side of the t tubles these are expanded chambers Triad – sandwiched between a pair of terminal cisternae forms a triad Myoglobin – holds oxygen Myofibrils – long strands of proteins

Myofilaments – thin = actin thick = myosin Describe the structure of thin myofilaments - The actin strand with troponin & tropomyosin Describe the structure of thick myofilaments - Myosin head, tail and hinge What is a sarcomere? The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber Draw and label a section of sarcomeres within a muscle cell, including: Thin myofilaments - Actin Thick myofilaments – Myosin “H” band – “Z” lines (Z discs) – thin filaments at either end of the sarcomere are attached to interconnecting proteins that make up the Z Line “I” band – the LIGHT region between two successive A bands including the Z Line (OUTER) “A” band – The DARK area containing thick filaments (MIDSECTION) “M” line - Proteins that connect the central portions of each thick filament in the MIDDLE section What is the Sliding Filament Theory? The mechanism involved in muscle cell contraction. Myosin heads attach to actin molecules Myosin “pulls” on actin, causing the thin myofilaments to slide across the thick myofilaments toward the center of the sarcomere ( The concept the a sarcomere shortens and the thick and thin filaments slide past one another) Describe what occurs in the sarcomeres. Sarcomere shortens, the I bands get smaller, z lines move closer and the H Bands decrease What is the “all or none” principle? Once a muscle fiber begins to contract it will contract maximally. Describe the basic structure of a motor neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, telodendria, synaptic terminals (end bulbs/knobs), synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter (Acetylcholine – “Ach”) Describe a neuromuscular junction What is the motor end plate and why is it important?

Describe in detail the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that result in the release of Ach from the synaptic end bulb Describe in detail the physiological events that occur when an action potential is generated along a motor neuron, including the release of Ach, and what happens when the Ach binds to its receptors

on the motor end plate; how does this all lead to the sliding of the filaments? Senaptic clef / muscle fiber What is Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and what role does it play in muscle cells? It’s an enzyme that releases ach Define a “motor unit” and describe how they relate to the contraction of fibers (cells) within a skeletal muscle. What is recruitment? A single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it can stimulate at once. Recruitment is the activation of more and more motor units What is muscle tone and why is it important to the normal functioning of the muscular system A resting tension of active motor units – helps stabilize bones, joints and prevents atrophy. Define and describe the following: Hypertrophy – stressing a muscle to make it larger Atrophy – wasting away of tissues from lack of use Define the following terms in relationship to the anatomy of the muscular system: Origin – Muscle attachment Insertion – Muscle attachment that moves Action – what joint movement in a muscle produces Agonist (prime mover) – contracts to create the desired action Antagonist – Muscle that opposes the action Synergist – Muscle that helps the agonist...


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