AP World History Study Guide PDF

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Columbian Exchange A historical and ongoing global biological exchange that began with European exploration and conquest of the Americas. -Four Categories: animals, people, disease, and plants -two secondary effects: war and starvation -wars: political instability, society decline -Starvation: not enough people to fill agricultural roles, malnutrition The two large animals imported to the Americas from Europe that made large scale land cultivation and transportation possible were horses and oxen. West to east: curry, corn, potatoes, blueberries East to west: wheat, grapes, tomatoes The Renaissance ● 1400-1600 C.E. ● Renaissance: rebirth ○ Greek and Roman ideas ● Humanism: philosophy, history, literature, and art ● Italy- “birthplace” of the Renaissance ● Venice and Genoa became rich from trade with the Ottoman Empire ● Only the rich experienced the Renaissance- exposed to art ● Keywords: cultural movement New Spain Spain and Portuguese begin to build strong empires in the Americas. -First Period (1492-1570): Spanish leaders led many expeditions to conquer lands and expand Spanish territory. Hernan Cortes (1521)-Aztecs Moctezuma II (1521)-Aztec leader Francisco Pizarro (1532)-Incas Colonial government developed after conquest. government: bureaucracy hacienda: rural piece of land owned by Spanish citizen, not forced American labor encomienda: rural piece of land owned by Spanish citizen, forced labor to pay tribute mita: requires public works of Native Americans in silver mines -Second Period (1570-1700): After initial conquest colonial society developed. Church influenced rule; Native Americans convert to Christianity. “Society of Casts”

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Spanish, Creoles Mestizos (Spanish/Natives) Native Americans African slaves

Third Period (1700-1800) -Spanish empire began to decline because they were challenged by other European countries -England and France caused political instability -1701-Charles II dies without heir and Philip of Anjou takes over -1702-1713-War of Spanish Succession -Bourbon Reorganization Measures -strengthen Spanish government and military; removed Creoles from leadership position Mining became the heart of the Spanish economy and silver placed a higher value than gold. Russia under Peter the Great: westernization ● Westernization is the transfer of western ideas to an area, which are often modern. In Russia, Peter the Great westernized The territory by breaking the isolation. He was influenced by European ideas regarding advancements. ● For example, Peter westernized Russia by having nobles shave their beards, change their clothing, allow noble women to have more freedom, and improved military organization based on the French. ● Tsar- the absolute ruler of Russia ● Landlocked- geographical isolation of an area ● Social hierarchy in Russia- was rigid and had little social mobility. ● Religion in Russia- Eastern Orthodox Russia under Peter the Great: serfdom ● Serfdom was a way to watch over serfs and keep them from revolting because of the large span of territory. ● Serfs made up most of Russian population ● Serfdom benefited the Russian nobles who looked over them by rewarding them for good service to the government. They were given power. ● Peasant- a member of a traditional class of farmers in a preindustrial society. ● Serfs- 1649 were born serfs. Triangular Trade and the Middle Passage

● Triangular trade - the exchange of goods that occurred between Europe, Africa and the Americas ● European goods, such as manufactured goods and guns, were shipped to Africa and were traded for slaves. ● The African slaves were shipped to America and were traded for cash crops. ● These cash crops were transported back to Europe, where they could be sold for considerable profit. ● Atlantic slave trade- one major part of the triangular trade was the Atlantic slave trade. ● In this Atlantic slave trade, the Portuguese traded with Africans along the west African coast. Enslaved Africans were transported forcibly across the Atlantic to the Americas to work on plantations, which required hard labor. ● Middle passage-

Ottoman Empire ● Empire that was located around the Mediterranean. This empire controlled North Africa, Anatolia, Eastern Europe, and Arab lands ● Sultan, Vizier, and Sunni, ○ Sultan: absolute ruler in an absolute monarch ○ Vizier: Rulers of a bureaucracy, made up of elite slaves and nobles ○ Sunni: One of the two main branches of Islam, most Ottomans were Sunni ● Hagia Sophia, Harem, Millet, Shia, Suleiman the Magnificent

Gunpowder Age and Gunpowder weapons - The Gunpowder Age is a term for an era of new technology, including advanced weapons to use during war. - Less hand-to-hand combat. - Gunpowder initially invented by the Chinese, but it was the Mongols who first utilized gunpowder to its full potential. - Cannons: a significant weapon to the Mongols in their conquest. - Cavalry: the center of the Mongolian army, a swift force of mounted archers. - Muskets: a heavy, clumsy, yet effective weapon to be used in warfare. - Gunpowder, Janissary musketeers, Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals.

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New weaponry aided in the rise of new nations and empires, but the Chinese limited innovations in powder weaponry (they feared that the changes would lead to to the dominance of the Ming, and later Qing, dynasties) while Japan banned them altogether. Gunpowder spreads to Europe, and since there was a tense competition between the small nations, they took gunpowder and developed it farther than it had been used in the Muslim Empires.

Mughal Empire Vocab: Monotheistic: believes in one God. Subcontinent: refers to India. Din-I-Ilahi: the religion created by Akbar. ● In 1526 a Turkish-Mongol named Babur won a series of military victories in northern India. ● Two major religions in the Mughal Empire: Islam and Hinduism(majority) ● Under the rule of Akbar: - he encouraged intermarriage between Hindu and Muslim elites. - Encouraged respect for both religions. - Abolished the tax on non-Muslim citizens. - Included Hindus in high levels of government. - He created a new faith he believed could be used to unite the Muslims and Hindus. - According to his son he was tolerant and open to all faiths. Ming Dynasty -1368 -Chinese regained control over China -Middle Kingdom: believed they were the most advanced, center of universe -Confucianism:set of philosophical teachings/guidelines for how society should be organized and how individuals should live, five relationships -the Analects:book that held the teachings and relationships of Confucianism -Government brought back the civil service exam and civil service system -scholar gentry was the nobles, most respected in society -had an emperor with absolute power -Zheng He: between 1405 and 1433, was an explorer and led seven epic voyages, his crew gathered knowledge and wealth from Indochina to Africa, his voyages were stopped which led to Chinese isolation (voyages failed to bring great wealth and ships were expensive to to build & maintain)

Tokugawa Japan ● 15th to 16th century Japan. Ruled by Daimyo. Form of political power is Feudalism. ○ Daimyo: war-lord ruler of a little kingdom. ○ Feudalism: decentralized form of political power or structure. ○ Shogunate: a military government ruled by a shogun. ○ Deshima: small Island on Nagasaki bay that was the only island to allow Western trade in Japan under Ieyasu. ■ Nobunaga- first Daimyo warlord, was open to Western Christianity and made extensive use of newly founded gunpowder from the Portuguese. ■ Hideyoshi- second Daimyo warlord, was not open to Christianity and began the Isolationism of Japan. ■ Tokugawa Ieyasu- last Daimyo warlord, began the Tokugawa shogunate ■ Tokugawa Shogunate (1603) ■ School of Nation Learning ■ Confusion Philosophy

Enlightenment ● period of philosophical and intellectual innovation from the mid 1600s - 1800s

● rationalism - belief that truth can be arrived at solely by reason, or rational, logical thinking ● natural law - believe God had created the world and made rules for all living things ● salon - gatherings of social, political, cultural elite ❤philosophe ❤encyclopedia ❤natural phenomenon (cause & effect) ❤observation ❤development

Absolutism

● monarchical form of government in which the monarch has absolute power over their people ● Louis XIV of France ● The Palace of Versailles ● Central Power ● Sun King: King Louis XIv chose this emblem to symbolize an absolute ruler--like the earth revolves around the sun, people revolve around Louis XIV; Louis XIV extends power like the sun extends rays; provides what is necessary (source of light) ● Divine Right: God grants ruler right to rule; legitimizes absolute rule ● Louis XIV's motto: I am the state. ○ If I am the state, then my interests are the state's interests. ○ If I am the state, no other is next to or beside me. ○ If I am the state, power is unified in one person. ○ If I am the state, then there is no need to strictly follow a constitutio ● Bureaucracy ● Military Organization ● other absolute rulers: tsars, emperors, kings, sultans French Revolution ● The French Revolution started in 1789 and was caused by the Enlightenment, inequality, and economic problems. ● Ancien Regime ● National Assembly ● “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”: National Assembly ● Estates General ● “The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen”: Olympe de Gouges ● Enlightenment: new  ideas about government, political power, and society ○ encouraged people to reject absolute rule and form new systems ● Inequality: French society was divided into 3 estates ○ Third Estate paid taxes, and had little to no political power ○ First Estate and Second Estate paid no taxes ● Economic Problems: Under the power of Louis XVI, who took the throne in 1774, France had accumulated a massive national debt ○ Debts from Louis XIV’s wars ○ Costs of fighting with the U.S. in American Revolution ○ Inefficient Tax System (only 3rd estate was taxed) ○ Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788 —> crop failure

○ Verge of bankruptcy by 1788 Haitian Revolution ● The Haitian Revolution started in 1791 and was influenced by the National Assembly’s “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” and began in the French colony of St. Domingue with the goal of achieving equality between the 4 social classes ● St. Domingue ● Toussiant L’ouverture ● Napoleon Bonaparte Industrial RevolutionA major revolution in how goods were produced , animal and human power were replaced by machines. Started in Great Britain ( 19th century) Causes of the Industrial Revolution: ● The Agricultural Revolution- produced body of workers in factories because new methods and machines reduced the need for laborers in the fields 1. Population Explosion- caused by an increase in better nutrition from the better methods and farm technology that lead to an increase in food ● The Machine Revolution- developed because Great Britain had the factors of production necessary for industrialization, these include capital, land, and labor. ● The Energy Revolution- Coal and steel replaced water and steam as power sources Prior to the industrial revolution most of the people lived on farms and created most of their goods by hand Enclosure movement- movement that tenant farmers had to enclose their lands to graze their sheep It contributed to a revolution in agriculture...