Study Guide for Chapter 7 patterns of World History PDF

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Chapter 7 Study Guide

1. From the class notes, Who was Cyrus the Great? Why did camels help him conquer the Lydia? How did Cyrus treat his conquered enemies? How does he treat the Jewish slaves? How did he treat religion in his empire? How does Cyrus die? Who was Tomyris? Grandson of of Cyaxares, Rebelled against the Median king. Led his armies against the legendary wealth King Croesus with 400,000 in Western Anatolia. Cyrus, with 196,000 troops, moved his camels to the front of the battle line. he freed the Jews in Babylon, he accepted all religions, Cyrus’s army was initially defeated by the Massagetae but the Persians left fermented mares milk laced with hashish behind. The Massagetae drank it and were incapacitated and killed. Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae, challenged the Persians to a fair fight. Cyrus, confident of victory against a woman, surged to the head of his army where he was surrounded. Cyrus was killed and Tomyris had his corpse beheaded and shoved his head into a wineskin filled with human blood. She was reportedly quoted as saying, "I warned you that I would quench your thirst for blood, and so I shall“. Stories tell us that Tomyris had Cyrus’s head made into a drinking cup which she used for the rest of her reign. 2. From the class notes. Darius took the throne after Cyrus’s son Cambyses dies, who did he marry? Why? What areas did Darius conquer? What was a satrapy? How effective was the royal road? After Cyrus’s death his son Cambyses invaded and claimed Egypt. After Cambyses took Egypt, Bardiya ( Cyrus other son) began a rebellion promising the Persians no taxes for three years if they supported him. Cambyses conveniently stabbed himself in his own thigh while leaping on his horse to combat his brother and died of gangrene a few days later. Darius was a distant cousin of Cyrus, married both Cambyses widow and Cyrus's daughter. Bardiya confident of victory went to the summer palace, but Darius, a distant cousin, who had been Canbyses “lance bearer” claimed the throne and had married both Cambyses widow and Cyrus’s daughter. Bardiya was killed by Darius who claimed Bardiya was imposter. Darius then married Bardiya’s widow. 2. Expansion under Darius claimed divine support and he marched on India and into Europe to the Danube river. Satraps were the governors of the provinces Royal road, a postal service that could quickly carry messages was completed ( 1,000 miles in a week) Taxes for each satrap were fixed and money flowed to the capital. 3. What was a cataphract? What was a hoplite? cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry used Hoplites were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation. 4. From the class notes What was No Roz? What were its elements? Persian New Year. first day of spring. spring cleaning, easter eggs. 5. From the class notes and video, What was Persepolis? the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, the east stairway of the audience hall of Darius I, showing

dignitaries bringing tribute. the east stairway to the great audience hall of Darius I, showing visiting dignitaries bringing tribute. 6. Class notes and page 201-202. Be able to explain who Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were? Who were the Magi? What is the Avesta? The monotheistic god of Zoroastrinism. Ahriman is his evil twin who used fire worship. Magi- Zoroadtrianism priests. Avestaholy book. 7. Class notes What happened when Darius sends messengers to Athens and Sparta to ask them for tribute? What happened at the Battle of Marathon? asks for earth and water (he collects earth and river water from those he defeats). Darius invaded greece and lost. 8. Class notes/ video/ and pg 187, Xerxes gathered a huge army and invaded Greece, what happened at Thermopylae? At the Battle of Salamis? Why did the Persians lose? 300 spartans and Greeks. He won, because Ephialtes a greek traitor told Xerxes there was road around the mountain. lost at salamis. 9. Who is Phillip II of Macedon, what areas did he conquer. conquered Greece after they were weakened by the Peloponnesian Wars, Ruled from 359-336 BC, Held hostage in Thebes (city in Greece); received a military and diplomatic education. Then after his elder brothers King Alexander II and Perdiccas death, he gained the throne and ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece which was subjected to Macedonian authority; father of Alexander the Great, recruited and organized the best-disciplined army in Macedonian history; organized his infantry into phalanxes; his goal was to restore order in Macedon. Unified greece. conquered greek city-states to the south. 10. Who were the Parthians? Were they allies of the Romans? The seleucid kingdom. they fought against antigonids together, but turned against each other. 11. From the class notes, What was Minoan linear A? Linear B? Which can we read? What story does are the Iliad and Odyssey tell? a-script undecipherable. b- decipherable list of objects, accounts. Paris of troy, falls in love with zeus' daughter helen, most beautiful woman, who is married to hector. her mortal father menelaus invades troy 12. From the class notes, Who was Heinrich Schliemann? What did he discover? archeologist who found the gold mask of ammagaedon. 13. From the class notes, What was the polis? What were the three types of Greek political organization? Which did the Greeks feel the least efficient? The dark ages. Monarchy, oligarchy, democracy. Democracy 14. From the class notes, Why did the Greeks begin colonization? Where did they go? Overpopulation and lack of land. sicily, italy, spain, northern africa. 15. From the class notes, Who was Lycurgus? How did Sparta train their military? What was Sparta’s political system? Made a constitution making all equal and establishing a helots class to do work. trained their entire lives. Boys left to train at 7 years old for 12 years of training. Meals while in the military consisted of Black Broth (pork cooked with vinegar and salt, blood gave it its color). 2 kings, a 28 member council. Oligarchy

the Gerousia all men over 60. when 18 they were given little food and water and urged to kill a helot. 16. From the class notes, What were Solon’s reforms? Who could vote in Athens? Who could not? he banned enslavement for debt. eliminated debt by creating a free farm based economy. created democracy. Men over 18. council of 500, board of 10 officials administered Polis. Citizen women and children were not allowed to vote. Slaves and foreigners living in Athens (known as metics) were banned from participating in government. 17. From the class notes and pg 186 What was the Delian League? Who was Pericles? What did he do for Athens? first citizen of athens, made democracy more inclusive for lower classes, built wall around athens. delian league-athens led naval siege to drive persia out of aegan sea. Pericles (roughly 495-429 BC) was an extremely influential statesman, orator, and general of ancient Athens. He organized the Athenian Empire and commanded his people in the Peloponnesian War against the rival Greek city of Sparta. 18. From the class notes and pg 187, Be able to explain the major acts of the Peloponnesian War? Why did Sparta fear Athens? Who wins? Why? What impact did the plague have? Sparta wanted to overthrow the Athenian oligarchy. Athens wanted to become the most powerful city-state in Greece. Sparta and its allies felt threatened by Athens's growing power. sparta fought against athens with persian finance. Sparta won, they had a navy. the plague killed 30,000 19. What was the Silk Road. Why was it important? persia and china build. main central asian trade route 20. From the class notes and pg 202 – 03, Who was Socrates? How does he die? Who was Plato, what was The Republic? What did Plato think of democracies? philosopher. forced to drink poison for questioning god. political philosopher-Plato uses the "democratic man" to represent democracy. The democratic man is the son of the oligarchic man. Unlike his father, the democratic man is consumed with unnecessary desires. Plato describes necessary desires as desires that we have out of instinct or desires that we have in order to survive. The Republic reflected Plato's perception of politics as a dirty business that sought mainly to manipulate the unthinking masses. It failed to nurture wisdom. It starts out as a dialogue between Socrates several young men on the nature of justice. 21. From the class notes, What could Spartan women do? What were their rights? What could Athenian women do? Were men and women expected to stay faithful? Spartanathletics, horsemanship, ritual dances, vote. athens-managed slaves, raised children, wove. Bearing and raising children was considered the most important role for women in Spartan society, equal to male warrior in Spartan army. Spartan women were encouraged to produce many children, preferably male, to increase Sparta's military population. We do know that Spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. For example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted

to own land, and could drink wine. Athenian women had the same rights and responsibilities as Athenian men. However, Athenian women did have some significant disabilities at law compared to their male counterparts. Like slaves and metics, they were denied political freedom, being excluded from the law courts and the Assembly. to bear children, and to run the household. More clear is that women could not attend public assemblies, vote, or hold public office. Women were expected to be faithful to their husbands, but the reverse was not the case as husbands could freely engage the services of prostitutes, live-in lovers, and courtesans. 22. From the class notes, Who did the Greeks believe lived on Mount Olympus? greek gods, Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus. However there are Minor residents as well. 23. From the class notes, How does Xerxes army cross the Hellespont? they build a pontoon bridge. 24. From the class notes and pg 188. Who was Alexander III? Was he Greek? What was the Gordian Knot? Son of philip II. no. the person who can untie the knot will rule the world. Alexander does. 25. From the class notes, What happens to Darius III of Persia? What is Hellenism, what did Alexander believe would happen to Greek language, literature, philosophy, and art in the areas he conquered? The Battle of Gaugamela, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia in 331 BC, took place approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Erbil, Iraq. After the battle, Darius managed to flee to the city. However, somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela." the imitation or adoption of ancient Greek language, thought, customs, art, etc. Without Alexander's ambition, Greek ideas and culture might well have remained confined to Greece. looses the persian empire. 26. From the class notes, What happens to his empire when Alexander III dies? Who was Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus? What areas did they control? In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart. They were his generals. Ptolemy, ancient astronomer, geographer, and mathematician who considered the Earth the center of the universe. Ptolomy (Egypt), Antigonus ( Greece and Macedonia), Seleucus ( Persia, Afghanistan, and India)Without Alexander they rapidly decay but Greek culture and language spread. 27. From the class notes who were Romulus and Remus? Romulus wished to build the city of Rome on the Palatine Hill while Remus wanted to build on the Aventine Hill. They agreed that an augury should decide the debate. Remus was the first to see six vultures, but soon afterwards Romulus saw twelve vultures. Each claimed the augury in his favor and in the dispute that followed, Remus slighted Romulus' new city on the palatine and Romulus killed him. Romulus becomes king of the new city and has collection of castoffs that he makes into the legions and senators of Rome, added large amounts of territory, and took women from the Sabine.

28. Compare Athens democracy with Rome’s republic? What was the Senate of Rome? What were plebeians? What were patricians? The Athenian polis chose their elected leaders at random, while members were selected for the Roman Republic and voted in by the leadership. The Romans had a two party system, the Patricians and Plebeians, while Athenians included all male citizens. There was no distinction between class in Athens. 29. What were the 12 tables/ tablets pg 191? The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law was the Laws of the Twelve Tables. A commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (c. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law binding on both patrician and plebeian and which consuls would have to enforce. 30. From your class notes, In the legion what was decimation? If a unit of legionaries show cowardice in battle, after the battle the legion would count off and every 10th man is randomly killed by his tent mates. 31. From the class notes and pg 191, In the First Punic War what was the impact? Who was Hannibal, where did he attack? What happens to Carthage after the third Punic War? Rome won the first Punic war by adapting their military to fight at sea, ramming a ship and sending soldiers down a gang plank. Rome conquered Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Hannibal- one of the greatest military commanders in history. Second Punic War: Hannibal attacked Italy by going through Spain and over the Alps. His army defeated the legions but Rome attacked Carthage and Hannibal had to go back to Carthage. Third Punic War: the City of Carthage destroyed and people sold into slavery. 32. From the class notes and pg 192 who was Spartacus? What happens to him? How did his followers die? Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school (ludus), belonging to Batiatus. Counsel Crassus led 40,000 Romans and trapped Spartacus as he was trying to get to Sicily. Spartacus had bargained with Cilician pirates to transport him. 117 Miles of Spartacus's Followers Crucified from Capua to Rome. 33. From the class notes, What was a dictator in Roman times? From the class notes What were Julius Caesar’s accomplishments in Rome? What happens on the ides of March? After the Civil War, one of Marius's general, Sulla a puts down the rebellion and marches on Rome becoming dictator and effectively ending the Republic. He became a great military leader with victories in Spain and Gaul greatly adding to Roman territory. Caesar is commanded to disband his army as Pompey and the Senate were afraid he would take power. Caesar crossed the Rubicon and Civil War began. He defeated Pompey in 48 BCE ,who is killed in Egypt. He is assassinated by Senators on the ides of March. 34. From the lecture and class notes who was Cleopatra? What was her relationship with Julius Caesar? With Antony? Who was Caesarian? From the lecture/class notes what happened to Antony and Cleopatra’s children?Cleopatra- Caesar mistress. Antony becomes Cleopatra's champion safeguarding Caesarian. Octavian has Caesar's 16 year old son Caesarean killed. Cleopatra's Antony three children live.

35. From the class notes / video, What happened between Octavian and Mark Antony? What was the Battle of Actium? Octavian declares war on Cleopatra. Battle of Actium was a victory for Octavian. 36. From the class notes and pg 194, what was the Pax Romana? After years of Civil War the empire remained peaceful until Augustus's death in 14 CE. The Roman Empire was based on military superiority, political institutions, ability to integrate foreigners into the empire, and the prosperous trade networks. 37. From the class notes, Who were Zealots, Essenes, ? Why did Jesus’s message of love disappoint some Jews?Rome taxed the Jews to pay for the legions forced to be stationed in Israel. Zealots refused to pay taxes and assassinated Romans. John the Baptist: prophesied the messiah was near. Essenes: End of world was near withdraw from public life. Emphasized spirituality of his rule dissapointed those who felt that the Messiah would free them from the Romans. 38. Pg 205 and class notes, Who was Paul of Tarsus? Why did Christian’s intolerance of other gods cause problems with the Romans? Paul of Tarsus: Had persecuted Christians, had a vision, and converted to Christianity. Taught that Christ's teachings were for all. He traveled extensively through the Roman world. He believed that males should not have to undergo circumcision so that Christians did not have to become Jews 39. Who was Constantine? From the class notes. What was Milvian Bridge? What does he do with the empire's capital? Constantine - legalized Christianity and moved the empire's capital east from Rome to Constantinople. The western part of the empire, including Rome, was then overrun by Germanic peoples who in time developed a new culture, blending Roman, Christian, and Germanic ways to create the Christian West. The Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Constantine won a great victory . 40. From the class notes and pg 194 - 95, how does Diocletian takes power, why does he split the empire, and what was the tetrarchy? he was a common soldier, he split empire into east and west, established a four ruler system (tetrarchy) to help emperors rule. Retired (to plant cabbages) in 305 died in 311 perhaps a suicide. Last major persecutions of Christians were under Diocletian. The Tetrarchy was designed to provide a stable succession and the junior emperors were to both reduce the demands on the two emperors as well as give them practical experience. 41. From the class notes, who was the emperor who makes Christianity the official religion of the empire? Missorium of Emperor Theodosius I. 42. What happens to the Germans and the Romans when the Huns come from the West? Huns moved from Central Asia. The empire used German troops and commanders. Goths under Aleric vs. Stilcho a Vandal. Stilcho is beheaded by Romans and war erupted between the Germans and Rome. Visogoths sacked Rome in 410. Atilla bought off by East, attacked West in 451. 43. From the lecture / class notes, Who were Alaric and Stilicho? Who were Attila and Pope Leo the Great? From the lecture who was Aetius? How does he die? What happened to Valentinian III? Honoria, Sister of the Emperor Valentinian III, asked Attila to marry her.

Attila asked for half the Empire. Aetius returned to Rome and was assassinated by the Emperor who feared Aetuis. Two of Aetuis's friends then killed Valentinian III. Arius, Egyptian, believed that as God was superior as he had created Christ. Constantine ordered an Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. Nicaean creed, Christ was of "the same being as God" 44. From the class notes what was Justinian/s plan to retake the Western Empire? Who was Belisarius? Was Justinian Successful? Why or why not? Justinian fought to unify the former Western sections of the Empire. Persians were also a threat in the East. Germans ruled in Rome, were Arian Christians and Justinian felt he had to destroy the heresy. In 541 The great Roman general Belisarius recaptured much of North Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths, and Nearer Spain from the Visigoths. Bad luck of Justinian climate change and the Bubonic Plague. Killed as much as 1/3 of the population in less than two years making the continued troop commitment to the West impossible. The last native Latin speaking emp. was Justinian. 45. From the class notes who was Theodora, What was her profession before she became empress? A comic actress and strip tease dancer had attracted and married Justinian, became empress in 527. She was a strong leader who convinced Justinian to not flee during a revolt. Was co-emperor. 46. Form the class notes and book 196-97, what was the year without summer? Justinian’s Plague? a sudden cooling enveloped the earth. Documented in Asia, Europe, and Americas. The event is thought to have been caused by an extensive atmospheric dust veil, possibly resulting from a large volcanic eruption in the tropics, or debris from space impacting the earth. Its effects were widespread, causing unseasonable weather, cro...