Apush Chapter 13 Outline & Break Work PDF

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Chapter 13 Outline A House Divided 1840-1861 Fruits of Manifest Destiny Continental Expansion - Manifest destiny : The belief , starting in 1840, of an intensification of the old belief the God intended the American nation to reach all the way to the Pacific Ocean - Nation’s territorial expansion = slavery became central topic of politics - 1840-1860, 300,000 moved west to Oregon and Cali - Mexico border up to Utah—didn’t stop Americans from settling there In the 1840s, slavery moved to the center stage of American politics. The Mexican Frontier : New Mexico and California - Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 - Almost as big as the U.S population - Isolated and sparsely populated - California linked it US trade - 1846 Alfred Robinson published Life in California - California’s non-Indian population in 1821 were vastly outnumbered by Indians. - Californios verses Indios The Texas Revolt - Texas was the first part of Mexico to be settled by large number of Americans - Tejanos: non-Indian, Spanish population in Mexico - Spanish government agreed to let American’s colonize it to develop the region - Idea presented by Moses Austin (Connecticut born farmer) - Moses died—1820, son Stephan received large land grant - Stephan resold smaller plots to Americans as 12 cents per acre - 1830, Mexico annulled land contracts and barred future emigration from US - Americans + Mexican elites (happy about economic boom Americans brought) demanded greater autonomy within Mexico - Mexico abolished slavery—but allowed Americans to bring their slaves - Antonia Lopez de Santa Anna: The military leader who, in 1834, seized political power in Mexico and became a dictator. - In 1835, Texans rebelled against him, and he led his army to Texas to crush their rebellion. He captured the missionary called the Alamo and killed all of its defenders, which inspired Texans to continue their resistance and Americans to volunteer to fight for Texas. - Texans captured Santa Anna during a surprise attack, and he bought his freedom by signing a treaty recognizing Texas’s independence. - Sent an army in 1835 to impose central authority - Texas Revolt was an 1830s rebellion of residents of the territory of Texan—many of them American emigrants—against Mexican control of the region The Election of 1844 - President John Tyler revived idea of Texas annexation in hopes of - Rescuing his failed administration

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Securing southern support for re-nomination in 1844 John C. Calhoun presented idea to divide Texas into several states to strengthen southern power - Henry Clay, former president Van Buren + Whig and Democratic leaders met at Clay’s plantation and agreed NOT to annex Texas to prevent a war with Mexico - Clay nominated for Whig party - James K. Polk nominated for Democratic party - Polk defeated Clay by 2% margin - March 1845—days before Polk’s inauguration, Texas declared part of United States The Road to War - Polk assumed presidency with clear set of goals - Reduce the tariff (ENACTED) - Reestablish the independent Treasury system (ENACTED) - Settle dispute over Oregon ownership (ACCOMPLISHED IN AGREEMENT WITH BRITAIN) - Bring California into Union - Polk tried to purchased California—Mexico refused to negotiate - Spring 1846—Polk planned military action - Soldiers entered region between Nueces River and Rio Grande (land claimed by both countries) - When fighting inevitably broke out, Polk declared war claiming Mexico had spilled blood on American soil The War and its Critics - Mexican War: Controversial war with Mexico for control of California and New Mexico, 1846-1848; the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo fixed the border at the Rio Grande and extended the US to the Pacific Coast, annexing more than a half-million square miles of Mexican territory - Fought primarily on foreign soil + occupied a foreign capital - Majority of Americans supported war—idea of manifest destiny - Opposed by some in North who feared expansion would also expand slavery - Henry David Thoreau jailed in Massachusetts for refusing to pay taxes to protest war - Abraham Lincoln, Whig Illinois Congressman questioned Polk’s claim of “Mexican’s spilling blood” - Raised concerns regarding president’s power to “make war at pleasure” - Although the majority of Americans supported the war, a vocal minority feared the only aim of the war was to acquire new land for the expansion of slavery Combat in Mexico - Combat took place on three fronts. - California and the “bear flag republic” - General Stephen Kearney and Santa Fe - Winfield Scott and Central Mexico - February 1848—Mexico and US agreed to Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Confirmed annexation of Texas and ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to US

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Mexican Cession: Treaty guaranteed to Mexican “male citizens” in the new territory the free enjoyment of their liberty and property and all the rights of Americans - Designed to protect property of Mexican landowners in California The Texas Borderland - Anglos: white settlers from East - In search of land they expelled some Mexicans—including former allies - Tejanos - Confined to unskilled agricultural or urban labor - Some women took advantage of American laws and divorced husbands - During Civil War, some avoided draft by claiming Mexican citizenry Race and Manifest Destiny - 1840s—territorial expansion came to be seen as proof of innate superiority of the “Anglo-Saxon” race - John O’ Sullivan in Democratic Review - Annexation of all of Mexico failed in some part because its large, nonwhite Catholic population was unfit for citizenship in a republic - Texas Constitution adopted after independence: - Protected slavery - Denied civil rights to Indians and blacks - “Spanish” Mexicans were considered “white” - New Mexico not allowed to become sate until 1912 because white immigration lagged Gold-Rush California - California’s gold rush population was incredibly diverse. - The explosive population growth and fierce competition for gold worsened conflicts among California’s many racial and ethnic groups California and the Boundaries of Freedom - The boundaries of freedom in California were tightly drawn. - Indians, Asians, and blacks were all prohibited basic rights. - Thousands of Indian children, declared orphans, were bought and sold as slaves. Opening Japan - Mexican war ended with US taking trade harbors in San Diego and San Francisco - 1848-1860, trade with China triples - Commodore Matthew Perry: US naval officer who negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. That treaty was the first step in starting a political and commercial relationship between the US and Japan A Dose of Arsenic - The entrance of slavery into the heart of American politics dissolved the strongest force for national unity—the 2-party system The Wilmot Proviso - Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War; defeated by southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, in 1846 and 1847 - 1846, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed prohibiting slavery from all new territory acquired from Mexico - Supported by northerners, Whigs, and Democrats

- Opposed by southerners Free Soil Party: Political organization formed in 1848 to oppose slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican War; nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848. By 1854 most of the party’s members had joined the Republican Party The Free Soil Appeal The free soil position had a popular appeal in the North because it would limit southern power in the federal government. - Wage-earners of the north also favored the free soil movement. - The Free Soil platform of 1848 called both for barring slavery from western territories and for the federal government providing homesteads to settlers without cost. - To single out slavery as the one form of property barred from the West would be an affront to the South and its distinctive way of life. - The admission of new free states would overturn the delicate political balance between the sections and make the South a permanent minority. Crisis and Compromise - 1848 was a year of revolution in Europe, only to be suppressed by counterrevolution. - With the slavery issue appearing more and more ominous, established party leaders moved to resolve differences between the sections. - The Compromise of 1850 - Complex compromise devised by Senator Henry Clay that admitted California as a free state, included a stronger fugitive slave law, and delayed the determination of the slave status of the New Mexico and Utah territories The Great Debate Powerful leaders spoke for and against the Compromise of 1850: a - Daniel Webster MA—willing to abandon Wilmot Proviso and adopted new fugitive slave law if it kept sectional peace - John Calhoun SC—rejected compromise (North must yield or Union would die) - William Seward NY—rejected compromise [Law of morality (against slavery) was above Constitution] - President Taylor died in office and Millard Fillmore secured the adoption of the compromise. - Insisted all Congress needed to do was admit California to Union The Fugitive Slave Issue The Fugitive Slave Act allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual. - In a series of dramatic confrontations, fugitives, aided by abolitionist allies, violently resisted capture. - The fugitive slave law also led several thousand northern blacks to flee to safety in Canada. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty - Franklin Pierce won the 1852 presidential election. - Stephen Douglas saw himself as the new leader of the Senate after the deaths of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster. - Douglas introduced a bill for statehood for Nebraska and Kansas so that a transcontinental railroad could be constructed. - Slavery would be settled by popular sovereignty -

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves; fury over the resulting appeal of the Missouri Compromise on 1820 led to the violence in Kansas and to the formation of the Republic Party - The Kansas-Nebraska bill became law, but shattered the Democratic Party’s unity. - Whigs collapsed. - The South was solidly Democratic. - Republican Party emerged to prevent the further expansion of slavery The Rise of the Republican Party The Northern Economy - The rise of the Republican Party reflected underlying economic and social changes. - Railroad network - By 1860, the North had become a complex, integrated economy. - Two great areas of industrial production had arisen: a. Northeastern seaboard - Great Lakes region - Economic integration of Northwest and Northeast created groundwork for political unification in the Republican Party The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings - In 1854 the American, or Know-Nothing, Party emerged as a political party appealing to anti-Catholic, antislavery sentiments - Nativists, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration, the party’s only presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore in 1856 The Free Labor Ideology - Republicans managed to convince most northerners that the “slave power” posed a more immediate threat to their liberties and aspirations than property and immigration. - This appeal rested on the idea of free labor. - Free labor could not compete with slave labor, and so slavery’s expansion had to be halted to ensure freedom for the white laborer. - Republicans cried “freedom national,” meaning not abolition but ending the federal government’s support of slavery. - Republicans were not abolitionists. Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856 - Violence between pro- and antislavery settlers in the Kansas Territory, 1856 - 1854 and 1855, hundreds of proslavery Missourians crossed Kansas border and cast fraudulent ballots - Civil War broke out in Kansas - 1856 election: - Republican Party: Chose John C. Fremont as candidate - Democrats: Chose James Buchanan as candidate (was British minister and had no ties to Kansas-Nebraska Act) - Know-Nothing Party: Chose ex-resident Millard Fillmore as candidate - 1856 election made it clear that section lines were back

The Emergence of Lincoln The Dred Scott Decision - Dred Scott v. Sanford: 1857 US Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, on the grounds that such a prohibition would violate the 5th Amendment rights of slaveholders, and that no black person could be a citizen of the US - Scott sued for his freedom—residence in free states made him free - Supreme Court ruling: - Only whites could be citizens of the US - Regarding Wisconsin residency—Congress had no power under Constitution to bar slavery from territory in the first place - In effect, declared the Republican platform of restricting slavery’s expansion unconstitutional The Descision’s Aftermath Rather than abandoning their opposition to the expansion of slavery, Republicans now viewed the Court as controlled by the slave power Lincoln and Slavery - In seeking reelection, Douglas faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from Abraham Lincoln. - Although Lincoln hated slavery, he was willing to compromise with the South to preserve the Union. - Lincoln’s speeches combined the moral fervor of the abolitionists with the respect for order and the Constitution of more conservative northerners. The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign - Lincoln campaigned against Douglas for Illinois’s senate seat. - The Lincoln-Douglas debates remain classics of American political oratory. - To Lincoln, freedom meant opposition to slavery. - Douglas argued that the essence of freedom lay in local self government and individual self-determination. - Lincoln shared many of the racial prejudices of his day. - Douglas was reelected by a narrow margin. John Brown at Harpers Ferry - An armed assault by the abolitionist John Brown on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further heightened sectional tensions - Harpers Ferry, Virginia: Site of abolitionist John Brown’s failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 16-17, 1859; Brown became a martyr (person killed for their beliefs) to his cause after his capture and execution The rise of Southern Nationalism More and more southerners were speaking openly of southward expansion. - Ostend Manifesto - William Walker and filibustering - By the late 1850s, southern leaders were bending every effort to strengthen the bonds of slavery. The Democratic Split - The Democratic Party was split with its nomination of Douglas in 1860 and the southern Democrats nomination of John Breckinridge.

The Nomination of Lincoln - Republicans nominated Lincoln over William Seward. - Lincoln appealed to many voters - The party platform: - Denied the validity of the Dred Scott decision - Opposed slavery’s expansion - Added economic initiatives The Election of 1860 - In effect, two presidential campaigns took place in 1860 - The most striking thing about the election returns was their sectional character. - Without a single vote in ten southern states, Lincoln was elected the nation’s sixteenth president The Impending Crisis The Secession Movement Rather than accept permanent minority status in a nation governed by their opponents, Deep South political leaders boldly struck for their region’s independence - In the months that followed Lincoln’s election, seven states, stretching from South Carolina to Texas, seceded from the Union. The Secession Crisis - President Buchanan denied that a state could secede, but also insisted that the federal government had no right to use force against it - The Crittenden plan was rejected by Lincoln - The Confederate States of America was formed on March 4, 1861 - Jefferson Davis as President And the War Came In time, Lincoln believed, secession might collapse from within. - Lincoln also issued a veiled warning: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.” - After the South’s firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to suppress the insurrection. Focus Questions What were the major factors contributing to U.S. territorial expansion in the 1840s? There were major factors contributing to the United State’s territorial expansion in the 1840’s. Territorial expansion happened as a result of war with Mexico as well as international disputes. These factors required treaties to be made which called for more land. The manifest destiny was also a factor that helped increase the amount of land America would take into their own hands through westward expansion. The manifest destiny gave the united states economic, religious and social reasons for expansion, Slavery was also as big factor because there were very clear lines drawn between slave states and free states. Therefore the issue came that welcomed political power in the U.S. expansion that the south wanted to hold. Why did the expansion of slavery become the most divisive political issue in the 1840s and 1850s? The expansion of slavery became the most divisive political issue because those who weren’t abolitionists wanted to keep slavery because they benefitted from it. Most people rejected it because morally they knew it wasn’t right. There were clearly divided political parties which connects with sectionalism

between the north and south. The lifestyles of both the north and south also went on to divide them even further. What combination of issues and events fueled the creation of the Republican Party in the 1850s? Slavery was one of the main issues that fueled the creation of the Republican Party. The Whigs in the north that were against slavery had a lot to do with this issue. The Whigs wanted to keep slavery out of the territories. Another main issue was land distribution throughout the western U.S. because in doing this many new tariffs were produced. What enabled Lincoln to emerge as president from the divisive party politics of the 1850s? Lincoln was elected with much less than half the popular vote throughout America but he got those votes and was elected after emerging from the divisive party. He accomplished this by showing people that he was not necessarily an abolitionist but he did believe that slavery was morally wrong. He also didn’t believe that equality between whites and blacks was a realistic goal at this time. Lincoln related to people and was realistic with them with what he believed he would be able to achieve at this time. He tried to find a middle ground or a compromise. What were the final steps on the road to secession? The major final event was President Lincoln’s election. So, many worried that slavery would soon be taken away by the government. The south especailly believed this and that it was the end to slavery. This separation between north and south was a big part of the road to secession along with the Dred Scott decision. QUESTIONS 1.What evidence does Taney present that blacks were not considered citizens by the authors of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? - The evidence that Taney presents that blacks were not considered citizens by the authors of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution was that for years blacks have been beings of an inferior order and altogether unfit to associate with the white race. And so where our founders wrote “people of the United States” and “citizens”, they were describing the political body. 2.Why do you think he bases his argument on what he says were the intentions of the founders rather than the situation of free blacks in the 1850s? - Taney argued, with his hasty generalizations, that the men who wrote the Constitution understood that enslaved persons would not be citizens because of their reputation as a subordinate inferior class of beings that were subjugated by the dominant race. This argument better defends his point rather than the situation of free blacks in the 1850s....