Apush Chapter 4 Study Guide All you need to know PDF

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Apush chapter 4. Give me liberty. Eric Foner. 2021-2022. Give me liberty sixth edition. Everything on the chapter. Everything you would need to know....

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APUSH Chapter 4 Study Guide Slave Trade ● Commercial ○ Western Effects i.

Rising demand for mass produced staple crops: indigo, rice, tobacco, and sugar.

ii.

^^Demand for long term laborers to generate product, to contribute to economic development. Thus making the slave trade a vital part of world commerce. Without slave labor, crops couldn’t be cultivated at the same rate, and couldn't stimulate

iii.

iv.

the economy. Every European power used slave labor and tried to gain control of the

trade. ○ African Effects i. ii. iii.

Africans had autonomy over which people were sold into slavery. Africans traded slaves for cheap textiles and guns. Imported textiles replaced traditional craft production; guns were in high

iv.

demand thus growing the slave trade. African military states rose, and the slave trade became more central to African society.

● Middle Passage ○ Gruesome travel from Africa to the NW; 20% of slaves died on passage. ○ They were packed very tightly together; diseases spread quickly. ○ Most slaves initially went to sugar plantations in the West Indies because their high death rate created a shortage in slaves. ○ NA slavery population increased sharply because of natural reproduction.

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Chesap Tobacco-plantationeake system* Closely tied w/ Britain, modeled mercantilism, aligned w/ British culture. When tobacco demand increased, so did slave imports. Most worked in fields but not all Some were skilled workers. ex) coppers Slavery was still common on small farms, every Virginia family had at least 1.* Slavery laid down a hierarchy. Tobacco merchants, lawyers who defended slavery interests, and the gentry= the elite. Lesser farmers followed then slaves. The elite got the best land and their wealth became more concentrated. The Chesapeake had more healthy climate, which produced a balanced sex ratio and family centered slave communities.* Bc of the large number of Yeoman (small selffarmed) farms, Chesapeake slaves were exposed to white culture and learned English.* Fugitive slaves were familiar with white mannerisms and could pretend to be free.* Bc of slave society consolidation, new laws and measures were enacted enhancing a master’s power over his slaves and restricting access to freedom. Race took a more prominent division; revoked rights from free blacks.*

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South Carolina Initially sold native captives by the Creek Tribe. system But the demand for slaves grew Rice-plantation Lived in harsh and the Creek worried they’d conditions; had low rates so they had become slaves so they stopped birth higher slave imports and traded with the Spanish. Seldom came in So they indulged in the African contact with white people because the slave trade. white people didn’t want to catch malaria Like in early Va, slaves could from the swamps. serve in the militia. African influence in Developed a 2nd staple crop: names and houses, spoke Gullah. indigo Slowly created Africans taught Europeans how families and to grow rice; it cost a lot to invest communities. fled to in swamp drainage and irrigation,Fugitives Florida so plantations were huge. Fearful of the black majority, legislature encouraged the immigration of the protestant poor. Offering cash and levying taxes.

Georgia New colony founded by proprietors, among them James Oglethorpe. Wanted improved conditions for the worthy poor of England, believed in the abolition of slavery. It was approved as a barrier for SC from the Spanish. Proprietors banned slavery and liquor and colonists believed in infringed upon their english rights. They pled for self-governance to enact slavery. Proprietors surrendered the colony to the crown; assembly repealed ban on slaves and liquor.

North (New England & NY): No-plantation. Even rich families only had 1 or 2. Slaves had marriage, protection, property, and legal rights in the north. It was more economical for urban centers to use hire-fire labor so wage labor was better. Slaves in the north had more contact w/ whites and less opportunity to create culture. ● Resistance ○ 1712 NY, 1731 Louisiana, and West Indies Uprisings. ○ Stono Rebellion: armed band of SC slaves who used to be congo soldiers burning down barns, killing people, and burning houses marching to Florida chanting “liberty” ---> dispersed.

British Liberty ● Patriotism ○ Britain prided itself on being the era’s greatest naval/commercial power with a complex government. ○ Thrived under common language, law, and religion. ○ New patriotic sentiment in new phrases and a national sport. ○ France replaced Spain as England’s biggest rival. ○ Britain saw itself as a realm of prosperity, law, and protestantism.

4 ● Liberty ○ The bond of the empire. ○ Central to British identity. ○ Closely aligned with protestantism. ○ British liberty= personal rights; trial by jury, legislative government, the right for property owning men to vote etc. ● Ideologies ○ Republicanism: ■ Adherents believed it to be the essence of liberty. ■ Celebrated active participation in public life by acknowledging economically independent citizens as central to freedom. ■ Assumed only property owning citizens had “virtue” or willingness to sacrifice self-interest for public good. ■ ^Known as the Country Party; writings spread throughout the colonies and attracted the landowning elite. ○ Liberalism: ■ Philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens. ■ Major proponent=John Locke ■ Based on the Social Contract: men surrender a part of their right to govern themselves to enjoy the rule of law ie. ■ Proclaimed all individuals possessed natural rights that gov’t can’t violate. ■ Natural Rights= Protecting security of life, liberty, and personal concerns.

Colonial Politics ● Political Culture ○ Colonial politics matured and became more tranquil everywhere except NY. ○ 18th century America was more democratic than Britain because of the widespread suffrage because of widespread land ownership. ○ Competitive elections only happened in the middle colonies. NE elections weren;t contested. ○ Only RI and CT had elected offices. ○ Laws Passed by colonies could be vetoed in London. ○ Property qualifications for office were much higher than for voting; as a result legislators were all wealthy planters of merchants. ○ Deference, the assumption that only those with wealth, education, and social

5 prominence had the right to public office, limited effective choices in elections. ○ Governors and councils were appointed by the crown and proprietors. ○

Assemblies: ■ Considerable power in colonial politics rested in appointed assemblies, ■ Members of assemblies remained out of touch with constituents. ■ Lawyers, merchants, and landowners dominated colonial assemblies . ■ They used their control of finances to exert influence over appointed gov’ts and councils. ■ Authorized salaries, refused to levy taxes etc. ■ Grew from being weak and inconsistent in the 17th century to being a dominant power bc of the economic development that enhanced American Elite power. ■ Most powerful assembly=in pennsylvania: established a unicameral legislature and had control over the militia, finances, and appointments. Controlled by the Quaker Elite.

● Government ○ Britain adopted Salutary Neglect: left the colonies to govern themselves. ○

Assemblies: ■ Lawyers, merchants, and landowners dominated colonial assemblies . ■ They used their control of finances to exert influence over appointed gov’ts and councils. ■ Authorized salaries, refused to levy taxes etc. ■ Grew from being weak and inconsistent in the 17th century to being a dominant power bc of the economic development that enhanced American Elite power. ■ Most powerful assembly=in pennsylvania: established a unicameral legislature and had control over the militia, finances, and appointments.

Controlled by the Quaker Elite. ○ Often clashes with governors over paper money concerns. ○ Colonists had considerable participation in their government in this era compared to other empires. ● The Public Sphere ○ Boston, NY, Philadelphia all began clubs to discuss issues about literature, philosophy, science, and religion. AKA the public sphere. ○ Junto American Club founded by Ben Franklin ○ These were groups of ordinary people; and typically these issues were only discussed by officials or the gentry.

6 ● Free Speech ○ Press: Most of the population could read, and there was a high demand for political publications. Libraries were established and ordinary people became well read, well instructed, and during elections newspaper sales soared. ○ Expression: Freedom of expression was not considered one of the rights of englishmen. Freedom of speech referred to parliamentary ability to express their concerns in legislative meetings. Subjects could be executed for criticizing the government or the king. Authors could be punished for defaming government officials. ex) John Zeager, but he was found not guilty on account of his charge against the government was accurate.

Colonial Changes ● Great Awakening ○ Beginning: ■ Ministers grew concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of enlightenment and rationalism, and lack of engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion. ■ These fears sparked the GA which was a religious revival movement that spread throughout the colonies. ■ Resurgence of religious fundamentalism in response to popularization of the enlightenment and rationality ■ Desire for religious purity ○ George Whitefield: ■ ■ ■ ■

Sparked the great awakening Preached that God was merciful and condemned predestination. Appealed to the audience with passion Thousands flocked to his sermons and press reports made him a celebrity of sorts. ■ He helped establish the revival’s presence in the colonies and traveled to preach. ■ Inspired the emergence of numerous dissenting churches. ○ Critics of the Awakening produced writings criticizing the preacher’s lack of training. ○ Impact: ■ Criticized commercial society; condemned merchants who made the unwary go into debt

7 ■ Criticized wealthy planters and called them greedy and unchristian or activities like gambling. ■ Broadened the range of religious alternatives, dividing Americans more now than ever. ■ Inspired a newspaper/pamphlet wars on worldly/religious views. ■ Revivalist preachers believed commoners should trust and speak upon their own beliefs not just the elites’ ■ Commoners now held bible studies, religious discussions, and asserted their frame of mind → would have significant consequences. ● Spanish Development ○ Natives: Spanish only occupied a small portion of isolated clusters bc of low migration rates. They made peace with the Comanche and Apache tribes, but the tribes attacked each other reducing Spain’s power over the area bc of the collateral damage. ○ Reform: Debated whether or not to incorporate natives into society. No policy was adopted; a military commander conquered and controlled native populations in the capital. New Spain’s economy largely depended on trading and native enslavement. But the manpower needed for home wars in Europe made it impossible to meet New Spain’s demands. Natives dominated the territory. ● French Development ○ Now replaced Spain as England’s biggest rival. ○ New large territory, close trading/military relations with natives, French forts and trading posts, the French now posed a challenge to the Brits. ● Western Frontier Tension ○ The Ohio valley was sought after by pushed out natives, English wanting to go west, and French who occupied most of canada. ○ The Brits granted the Ohio Company Charter which was an immense piece of land, it threatened the natives, who the French were friendly with, so they bolstered their presence there. ○ The Company’s demand for French recognition of their land claim sparked the Seven Years War. ● Seven Years War ○ Struggle for imperial domination. ○ French and natives worked together and dominated the first part of the war. ○ But then British forces provided funds to Prussia to attack France while they attacked the natives. ○ French forces were defeated and their outposts and islands were seized.

8 ● Aftermath ○ France ceded Canada in exchange for their islands back. ○ The Spanish ceded florida to Britain for their islands back and got France’s Louisiana colony. ○ War put financial strain that sparked the French Revolution and the American one. ○ Heightened sense of colonial identity. ○ Strengthened their British Pride and their connection to Britain. ● Natives ○ Began to see themselves as one; pan-native identity sparked by french departure. ○ Now natives were at the mercy of ruthless and expanding Brits. ○ ^^Pontiac's rebellion, native revolt against British Rule, sparked by native prophet Neolin. ● Proclamation of 1763 ○ Issued by London ○ Banned further settlement west of the Appalachian mountains/ reserved for natives. ○ Angered Colonists...