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Ar gume nt :St ar t i ngPoi nt sandWar r ant s  Thel og i coft hea r g ume ntt h a ty o uo ffe rt oa u di e nc e st oa c c e p ty o urc l a i ms .  Mi c r oLe v e lorl e v e lofs pe e c h  Topi c sa n dWa r r a nt s  St a r t i n gpo i nt +wa r r a nt=c l a i m o St a r t i n gpoi n t :t hec ommong r oundl o c a t e dbe t we e ny o ur s e l fa ndy ou ra udi e nc et h a twi l l a l l o wy out ob ui l dc on vi c t i ont o wa r dy ourc l a i m. o Wa r r a n t :t heb r i dg ebe t we e nt hes t a r t i n gpoi nta n dt h ec l a i m.Fa mi l i a rorc omf or t a bl e wi t ha u di e nc e o Cl a i m:t hec o nc l u s i ony ouwa nty oura ud i e nc et odr a w;t hec on vi c t i o nt ha twi l lmo v e t he mt o wa r da c t i oni nt hewor l d .  St a r t i n gp oi nt o Empi r i c a l :ba s e dons c i e n t i fict e s t i n g ,me t hodi c a le xpe r i me nt a l ,orme a s ur e a b l ev a l i da t e d a ndv e r i fie de vi d e nc e .  Di r e c tob s e r v a t i on  La bor a t o r ye xpe r i me nt  Ab s ol ut eme a s u r e s , c a l c ul a t i o ns  St a t i s t i c a la v e r a g e s  Expe r tt e s t i n g  Exa mp l e s :ph y s i c a le vi de nc e( t humbpr i n t ) ,n ot a r i z e ddoc ume n t , doc ume n t a r yr e c or di n g  Topi c a l :Me mor a bl es a yi n gorc ommon pl a c ewi t hj us t i f yi n gf or c e  “ Noonei sa bo v et h el a w, “ Ame r i c ai st hel a ndofop por t uni t y” ,“ Bl a c k l i v e sma t t e r ”  Ma xi ms , c he s t nut s ,s a yi n g s ,a p ho r i s ms , c a t c hph r a s e s ,p r o v e r bi a l wi s do m,c ommuni t yv a l ue s ,wor dsofwi s dom,c l i c he s  The s efloa ta r o undo urc ommuni t i e s ,wepi c kt he m upa n dus et he m. The yi n f or m ourj ud g e me nt sbe c a u s et he ya r ea l wa y st he r e .Da n g e r ous be c a us et he yc a nbei n vi s i bl yc r e de n t i a l .  Pr o v i der e s ou r c e sf ort h i nki n g .  Pe op l eof t e nu s ec l i c he st oma k eac a s e  Al s ou s e di nc ommonl a w.St a n da r dst ha ta r ede v e l ope d.The ya r enotj us t l o gi c a l ,butt he ya r ee xpr e s s e di nawa yt ha ti sme mor a b l e .  Topois pe c i a lc ha r a c t e r i s t i c s  La de n  The yt a pi nt ode e p l yf e l tr e s e r v e so ff e e l i n g ,e x pe r i e nc ea n d v a l ue s . The yt a pi nt ode e p l yf e l tr e s e r v e soff e e l i n gwi t hi ny o u.  The yl e a v euns a i dt hee xpl os i v ei mp l i c a t i onsofa ni mp l i c i t a r gume nt .  I tr e s ona t e si ny ou rmi nda ndh e a r t .  Co mmon pl a c e s  As a yi n gt ha ti spo pul a r ,s ha r e d ,pa s s e da r o und,f a mi l i a r ,k no wn b yma n y .  Wegr a v i t a t et ot he m be c a us et h e ya r ewi de l yhe l d,a ndt he nt he y a c hi e v et he i ra ut hor i t yj us tbe c a us et he ya r ewi de l yhe l d .  The yt a k eonal i f eoft he i ro wn  The ys ha peo urunde r s t a ndi n ga ndde c i s i ons .  “ Onep e r s on, o nev o t e ”  19 63c our topi n i on

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 Cr i t e r i ai nl a w  For c ei sba s e dupont hes pe c i ficwor di n g  Fr a gme n t s  Tr u nc a t e da r gume nt st ha tof t e nwor kpr e c i s e l ya s i mp l i e dl o gi c .  “ Cr i me sa g a i ns th uma ni t y”  St a r t i n gpoi nt s  Fi r s ts t e pi na na r gume nt .The s ec ommonc i r c ul a t i n g pe a r l sofwi s dom t ha tpe opl ea c c e p t . Ho wTo poiwor ksi ny o urs pe e c h  Topoidonotp r o vi dea b s ol ut ec e r t a i nt yl i k ee mp i r i c a le vi de n c e .  Le s sr e l i a bl et ha nf or e ns i ce vi de nc e  The ya l l o wy out ogr o undy oura pp e a li nt hev a l ue soft he c ommun i t y .  Abl et ob ui l dc ons e n s uswi t ho uta bs ol ut ec e r t a i nt y Wa r r a n t i n g  Bu i l d i n gab r i d g et og e ta c r os sf r o ms t a r t i n gp oi ntt oc l a i m.  Pr o v i de st hebr i d g ef r om s ome t hi n gf a mi l i a rt os ome t hi n g unc omf or t a b l e .  Fl e s he sou tt h ei mpl i c i tj us t i fic a t i oni nas t a r t i n gpoi nt .  Ma ki n gt hei n v i s i b l evi s i bl e .  Whe ny oufle s hou tt h ei mp l i c i tj us t i fic a t i ony o uc a ns e et hef u l l a r gume nt  Pr o v i deawa r r a n twhe nmya u di e n c ene e d st oha v et hei mpl i c i t s pe l l e douts ot ha ti tc a nwe i ghi t sme r i t .

Ar g ume ntType s  Si gn o Ea s i e s tt oma s t e r o Ex a mpl e :s e e i n gf oo t pr i nt si nt hes a ndc a ni nf e rs o me o newa st he r e  Ca us e o Roo t e di nt hebe l i e ft ha tt heu ni v e r s eope r a t e sb ypr e de c i b l epr i nc i pl e sf r om c a u s ea n d e ffe c t . o Ans we r i n gt heque s t i onwh y ? o Ans we ri sbe c a us e  Co r r e l a t i on o Whi c hdi r e c t i ond oe st hec a us ewor ki n?  An a l o gy o Awa yt or e a s onf r o mt h i n g st h a ta r ewe l lkn o wnt ot hi n g st ha ta r e n' t . o “ Expl a i ni n gaj ok ei sl i k edi s s e c t i n gaf r og ” o No tac ompa r i s onoft hi n g sbutac ompa r i s ono fr e l a t i on s h i psb e t we e nt hi n g s o “ Wh e nahous ei sonfir e ,noones h out st ha ta l lhous e sma t t e r .I ns t e a d ,t he yj us twa t e rt he onet ha ti sonfir e ” o Cl a r i f yi n gt heunf a mi l i a rb yus i n gt h ef a mi l i a r  Exa mpl e o Of t e nt heon evi vi di ns t a nc ei ss uffic i e ntt os uppor ta na r gume nt . o Of t e ny o uon l yha v et ous eonee xa mp l e o Adv a nt a g ei st ha ti tb r i n g st h ei s s uer i ghtbe f o r ee y e sa n dma ke si tr e a l .Ve r ypo we r f ul o We a ki nt hes e n s et ha ti th a sv e r yl i t t l ee mpi r i c a lwe i ght .  Li t e r a l

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Co mpa r e st woi t e msorc a s e si nt h es a mec l a s st ha ta r es i mi l a ri ne s s e nt i a la s pe c t sa n d e qua li nv a l u e Fi gu r a l Smoki n gi st ot hel un g sa sr e s e nt me nti st ot hes o ul  I t e msa r enoti ns a mec l a s sore q ua li nv a l ue An a l o gyTe s t  Co mpa r et her e l e v a n ts i mi l a r i t i e soft her e l a t i ons h i p  Co mpa r et her e l e v a n td i s s i mi l a r i t i e so ft her e l a t i ons hi p  Th i swi l lwe a k e ni t  We i ght hes t r e n gt hof1a g a i ns t2...