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MidtermsPREHISTORIC ARTPaleolithic Art product of climate change caves became protective havens for the early humans “Hall of Bulls” in Lascaux, France : evoke naturalism Early humans used their own spray-painting techniques :  using ground pigments blown through reeds or hollowed-out bones  fores...

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Art Appreciation Reviewer Midterms PREHISTORIC ART

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Paleolithic Art -

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product of climate change caves became protective havens for the early humans “Hall of Bulls” in Lascaux, France : evoke naturalism Early humans used their own spray-painting techniques :  using ground pigments blown through reeds or hollowed-out bones  foreshortening and contrasting of lights and shadows Religious rituals could have possibly transpired within the confines of the caves Sculpture called “Venus of Willendorf”  abstracted woman from highlighted body parts associated with fertility (oversized breasts, enlarged hips, and round abdomen)  represents the importance of taking care of these body parts Representation of nature used by prehistoric people  Humans  Animals  Natural habitat

Neolithic Art -

Developed when life for the early humans has become more stable They have learned to cultivate land and domestic animals

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Architectural Structure : “Stonehenge” in Southern England  Some regard it as a temple  Complex calendar that tracked the movements of both the Sun and Moon Most early civilizations emerged and flourished in river valleys :  Nile in Egypt  Indus in India  Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia  Huang Ho River in China

Egyptian Art -

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Before Ancient Egypt became an empire, it was once a series of independent states Hieroglyphics – language used by early Egyptians Papyrus – paper invented by the early Egyptians Pyramid of Giza – withstood time because of the Egyptians’ obsession to afterlife and the deliberate choice of materials Can be divided into three periods :  Old Kingdom  Middle Kingdom  New Kingdom For Egyptians, art should be something religious and spiritual Old Kingdom  Religion was bound to the afterlife  Erection of tombs

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Tombs were not just for keeping the dead bodies of important people (pharaohs) ; they also served as a shelter for the afterlife Human figures seen in the tombs were represented in a way such a way that the profile of the head was evident, while the pelvis, legs, and upper torso were prominent and the eyes are in frontal view Cosmetic palette called Narmer Palette that utilized and applied dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes; also a symbol that commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Permanence was important because these sculptures (tombs) would serve as the house of the ka or soul once the remains of the mummy disintegrate The ka figures highlight the prime life of the deceased Pyramids in Giza served as tombs; massive in size; constructed using more than two million limestone blocks (quarried from a nearby plateau)

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Workers of pyramids moved stones from plateau going to the construction site using wooden rollers; stonecutters on the site carved the blocks in a fine way before stacking them Stacking process used a system of ropes and pulleys

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Middle Kingdom  Shift in the political hierarchy  There is an emergence of powerful groups of landlords that threatened the authority and rule of the pharaoh  Egypt had a stable situation under the rule of King Mentuhotep  Portrait sculptures and fresco paintings that were freely drawn are some of the styles that emerged during this period  Egypt eventually fell into the hands of the Hyksos.  Asiatic Tribe introduced Bronze Age weapons and horses to the Egyptians.

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New Kingdom

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Time of expansionism through territorial acquisition Had references from both of the preceding kingdoms

Monuments and sculptures were still linked to death and reverence for the deceased They started having mortuary temples which were carved out of living rocks  served not only a sanctuary for the dead but also  a place of worship for the living. King Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton which came from Aton who is the sun god. Egyptians became monotheistic (there is only one God) ; only God to be revered was Aton Sculptures has curving lines and full-bodied forms. Tomb of Tutankhamen was made out of solid gold coffin and a gold mask covered his face Naturalism – method of representation in arts

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ART OF EMERGING EUROPE Ancient Greece

Political ideals eventually became the framework for the democratic form of government in modern times They valued poetry, drama, and philosophy

Arts applied are painting, sculpture, and architecture. Man was at the center of society. Humanist ideals of Greeks were also reflected in their democratic form of government. Originated theatre and drama, dances, and choral songs. Theatrical contests. Development of Greek Art periods:  Geometric Period  Archaic Period  Classical Period  Hellenistic Period Geometric Period  Geometric shapes and patterns have taken in most of the artworks. Archaic Period  Placed importance on human figures. Classical Period  The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture.  Rebuilding their temple and focusing on creating artworks.

Hellenistic Period  Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality.

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Sculptures started to emphasize balance while showcasing dynamic poses and number of emotions evoke by the subject. “Lacoon and His Sons”

Ancient Greece Geographic -

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“Altar of Zeus at Pergamon” – Izmir, Turkey Poseidon of Melos || Discobolus by Myron || Venus de Milo by Alexandros

National

Art, philosophy, democracy, and heroes : few achievements of the civilization of Ancient Greece Born on the shores of Aegean Sea about 4,000 years ago Expanded as far west as Spain and as far east as India (United under Alexander the Great) : Greek Empire, 323 B.C. Temple of Aphaea – Aegina, Greece Solon laid the foundation of Athenian democracy Greece was a collection of 1,500 territories that acted as sovereign nations called City-States Developed in City-State of Athens : Athenian Democracy which gave Greek people representation and political power City-State (Polis) “Battle of Thermopylae” led by Leonidas, Greeks fought army of Persian King Xerxes Leonidas – King of Sparta War heroes inspired the creation of Olympics which celebrated physical competition “The Parthenon” – Athens, Greece

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3 types of Columns : Doric || Ionic || Corinthian

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Doric Column (Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C.) Ionic Column (Old Market Square & Council House, Nottingham, England) Corinthian Column (St. Isaacs Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russia) “Statue of Zeus” – Olympia, Greece “School of Athens” by Raphael  Pythagoras  Plato  Aristotle  Diogenes  Heracleitus Greek Language  3,400 years old  Provided basis of many modern languages  Greek alphabet

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Ancient Rome

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One of Western Europe’s mightiest empire. It came during the Hellenistic Period. Invoked the principles of realism in most of their works. Highlighting the features of human beings.

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 Master builders from grand monuments and architectural infrastructures. Influenced by Greeks in theater and drama Architectural achievements:  Colosseum  Amphitheater constructed during the reign of Emperor Vespasian.  Public events and Gladiator games.

Ancient Rome Geographic -

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National

Began as a small village on central Italy’s Tiber River ; 753 B.C. 117 A.D. – Peak of Roman Empire stretched from the North Atlantic all the way to the Persian Gulf 3 Major Periods  Regal – 753 B.C. – 510 B.C.  Monarchical  Ruled by 7 Kings  Romulus 753-716 B.C. (Mythically

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depicted as having cared for by a wolf with his twin brother Remus) Numa Pompilius 715-673 B.C. Tullus Hostilius 673-642 B.C. Ancus Marcius 642616 B.C. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 616579 B.C. Servius Tullius 578535 B.C. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 535-509 B.C. – 509 B.C. –

Republican 29 B.C.  Adopted a republican system of governance  Primarily ruled by two annually representatives called Praetos who were later called Consuls  Julius Caesar (4944 B.C.) – famous

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General and Dictator Imperial – 27 B.C. – A.D. 476  Characterized by the rise of the Roman Empire and notorious leaders  Octavian (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.) – issued in an era of peace 

Nero (54 A.D. – 68 A.D.) – some scholars believe was Rome’s cruelest emperor Slow and steady expansion led to the Romans’ domination of the Italian peninsula and the entire Mediterranean Sea where they conquered the Greeks, Egyptians, and Carthaginians. Military conquest would later help Rome conquer lands as far away as Britain and Iraq  Romans battle Greeks in Tarentum, Italy, 272 B.C.  Battle of Zama, 202 B.C.  Battle of Actium with the Egyptians, 31 B.C.  Julius Caesar’s Invasions of Britain, 55 and 54 B.C. Roman Engineering : Aqueducts were constructed which increased the public access to water, helped improve public 

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health, and paved the way for Rome’s famed bath houses (The Roman Baths – Bath, England) 50,000-mile long road system – facilitated movement of people and ideas Key to Rome’s success and longevity was the empire’s inclusion of cultures from the lands they conquered

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From the nearby land of Latium A.K.A. Lazio , Rome acquired the Latin language, which became the empire’s official language. Ancestor to :  Spanish  French  Italian  Portuguese  Romanian Also adopted cultural aspects from the ancient state of Etruria, including :  Religion  Alphabet  Gladiator combat No other civilization influenced the Romans as much as the Ancient Greeks  Most apparent in art and architecture  Commissioned to imitate Greek art  Greek architectural styles such as

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columns, were implemented in Roman structures  Pantheon  Colosseum Rise of Christianity  Originated in the Middle East  Found a strong advocate in Constantine I

First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity  Enabled Rome’s transition into a Christian state  Encouraged the religion to spread across Europe By the 4 th Century, after a lifespan of over a millennium, the Roman Empire declined. Factors including :  Within  Political corruption  Economic crises  Class conflict  Outside  Invasions  Military threats

Middle Ages -

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Period between the decline of Roman Empire and the Renaissance Period characterized by ignorance and darkness Church was the central figure and authority Most products would have to be copied of the Christian scriptures (copies were done by hand since printing press came later after the Middle Ages)

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Great Cathedrals were also built Cathedrals were categorized into two periods :  Romanesque (1050-1200) – inspired by the Roman Empire  Gothic (1200-1500) – vulgar and barbarian

Renaissance Art -

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“Individual” as a subject of arts The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks to empower the “individual” Most artworks emphasized naturalism which is also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body

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Perspective of depth : provided a three-dimensional perspective of most paintings Revival of Roman theatrical plays  Performed during special occasions at courts of Italian princes  Showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the audience Artists of the following artworks:  David – Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni  Galatea – Raphael / Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino  Mona Lisa – Leonardo da Vinci  Transfiguration – Raphael / Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino  

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The Last Supper – Leonardo da Vinci The Birth of Venus – Sandro Botticelli / Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi The Last Judgement – Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni The School of Athens – Raphael / Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino The Creation of Adam – Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni The Virgin of the Rocks – Leonardo da Vinci St. George Tabernacle – Donatello / Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi

Mannerism -

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Product of Renaissance period Artists started directly copying subjects from existing works of art Artworks displayed :  Distorted figures  Two-dimensional spaces  Discordant hues and colors  Lack of defined focal point

Baroque and the Rococo -

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The term “Baroque”is derived from the Portuguese term barocco which translated as “irregularly shaped pearl” Rome was the birthplace of the Baroque period which was the response to Protestantism Spanned from 1600 to 1750 Most artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their works Expansion was the central theme of this period Motion and space were taken into consideration by the use of dramatic lighting and the concept of time Music also flourished  people believed that music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings and among its listeners  Composers came from Italy : Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi

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Well-known Baroque composers include Germany’s Bach and Handel Limited to only powerful institutions like the Church and individuals like the patrons Eventually, such performances would be accessible to the middle class and the masses

Neoclassicism -

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Movement in Europe that transpired during the late 18th and 19th centuries Aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture

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During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic movements  One of the major revolutions in history would be the French Revolution  Such revolutionary movements became the focal point of most Romantic works Major and central themes include emphasis on the goodness of mankind Most works also promoted justice, equality, and social order Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of a man, which is a deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism

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Placed emphasis on human reason and keeping the society in order ; also the dominant principles during the Enlightenment period Some historians would also say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque period

Romanticism -

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Art movement that used the central themes of Neoclassicist artworks as a springboard Highlighted heroic elements into their work

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El Tres de Mayo (The Third of May) by Francisco de Goya

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The Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault

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Other subjects include: Love, Liberty, Imagination, Greeks, Violence

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Le Moulin de la Galette by PierreAuguste Renoir

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Water Lily Pond by Claude Monet

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Édouard Manet

Realism -

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Focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality Heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture since it places emphasis on the human body Artists worked within the context of revolutions and social change Artistic works began to depict real-life events Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real manifestations of society

Post-Impressionism Impressionism -

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Started in France, which led to a break from the tradition in European painting Style of painting that emerged in the mid-to late1800s Incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color Distinctive characteristic is that it allows artists to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene Impression is communicated by the artists through his work and can be seen through :  Brushstrokes  Distinction of colors  Lights and Shadows

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Emerged in France Result of both the influence and rejection of Impressionism

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Gave emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke Some famous postimpressionism artists include :  Paul Cezanne  Georges Seurat  Paul Gauguin  Vincent Van Gogh Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the contemporary techniques and trends during the 20th century

Art Appreciation Reviewer Midterms Neo-Impressionism -

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Considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism Painters rely on a schematic and scientific techniques that have predetermined visual effects not only on the artwork itself but also how the audience perceive the art Leading figure was Georges Seurat who recorded optical sensations on a more scientific manner  His color theories paved the way for the technique called pointillism  Pointillism – utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color  Elements are believed to blend with the viewer’s perspective

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Fauvism -

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Other artists include:  Henri-Edmond Cross  Maximilien Luce  Camille Pissarro

Art Nouveau -

Between 1890 and 1910 Countries from Europe and United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a new art style

Ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative historicism, which was the prevailing and dominant theme of most Western artworks  Ornamental style uses long and organic lines that are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and glass design, among others Asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks  done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power to it

Emerged in France around the turn of the 20th century They used pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas   Done to produce a sense of explosion of colors in the canvas Painted directly from nature like the impressionists Fauves have this strong and expressive reaction to how they portray their subjects Fauvists reject the conservative and traditional renderings of three-dimensional space 

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They introduced and promoted a picture space that is defined by the movement of color

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Cubism -

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Between 1907-1914 French artists like Pablo Picasso and George Braque introduce...