ARTH Study Guide - Final PDF

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ARTH%Study%Guide%–%Slide%Identification% JAPAN:% Name:%Haniwa&Warrior% Location:%Japan& Date:%Kofun&Period& Significance:%These&unglazed&ceramic&sculptures&were&placed& on&and&around&Kofun&tumuli.&‘Hani’&means&clay&and&‘wa’&means& circle.&The&variety&of&figure&types&suggest&that&the&haniwa&did& not&function&as&military&guards&but&perhaps&rather&represented& the&realm&of&the&deceased&ruled&during&his&life.&Presumably,&the& number&of&sculptures&reflected&the&stature&of&the&dead&person& and&the&arrangement&may&mimic&a&funeral&procession.&

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% Name:%Horyuji&Kondo% Location:%Japan& Date:%Nara&Period& Significance:%Also&known&as&the&golden&hall,&this&temple&housed&statues&of&the& Buddha&and&bodhisattvas.&It&follows&the&Chinese&models&in&its&construction& method&and&curved&roofline.&Although&it&has&been&altered,&the&structure&retains&its& graceful&but&sturdy&forms&beneath&the&modifications.&The&main&pillars&decrease&in& diameter&from&top&to&bottom.&

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Name:%Portrait&Statue&of&Shunjobo&Chogen% Location:%Japan& Date:%Kamakura&Period& Significance:%This&statue&is¬eworthy&for&its& finely&painted&details&and&powerful&rendering&of& personality&and&old&age.&It&is&one&the&most& striking&examples&of&high&level&of&naturalism&in& the&early&Kamakura&period.&Chogen&was&a&priest& and&also&the&leading&figure&in&planning&and& directing&the&reconstruction&efforts&in&Nara.&

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% % Name:%Night&Attack&on&the&Sanjo&Palace% Location:%Japan& Date:%Kamakura&Period& Significance:%The&Heiji&scroll&is&an&example&of&historical&narrative&painting.& Staccato&brushwork&and&vivid&flashes&of&color&beautifully&capture&the&drama&of&the& night&attack&and&burning&of&Goshirakawa’s&palace.&The&artist&represented&the& buildings&from&above&at&a&sharp&angle.&

ETRUSCAN:%

Name:%Apollo&of&Veii% Location:%Italy& Date:%Archaic&Period& Significance:%This&statue&was&part&of&a&group& depicting&a&Greek&myth.&Distinctly&Etruscan,& however,&are&the&god’s&vigorous&motion&and& gesticulating&arms&and&the&placement&of&the& statue&on&a&temple&roof.&Some&scholars&have& attributed&this&statue&to&Vulca&of&Veii,&the&most& famous&Etruscan&sculptor&of&the&time.&

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% Name:%Sarcophagus&with&Reclining&Couple% Location:%Italy& Date:%Archaic&Period& Significance:%This&terracotta&is&from&a&Cerveteri&tomb&in&the&form&of&a&husband& and&wife&reclining&on&a&banqueting&couch.&The&artist’s&focus&on&the&upper&half&of& the&figures&and&the&emphatic&gestures&are&Etruscan&hallmarks.&Etruscan& inscriptions&also&reflect&the&higher&status&of&women&and&often&give&names&of&both& the&father&and&mother&of&the&person&commemorated.&&

ROMAN:% Republican:% Name:%Temple&of&Fortuna&Virilis& Location:%Italy& Date:%Republic&Period& Significance:%Republican&temples&combined& Etruscan&plans&and&Greek&elevations.&This& temple&employs&the&Ionic&order,&but&it&has&a& staircase&and&freestanding&columns&only&at&the& front.&The&columns&are&all&in&the&deep&porch.&The& cella,&from&the&sides&is&extended&all&the&way&to& the&edge.&

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% Name:%Sanctuary&of&Fortuna&Primigenia% Location:%Italy& Date:%Republican&Period& Significance:%This&sanctuary&shows&the&most&impressive&and&innovative&use&of&concrete& during&the&Republic.&The&tholos&is&located&at&the&peak&of&an&ascending&triangle.&The& layout&reflects&the&new&Republican&familiarity&with&the&terraced&sanctuaries&of&the& Hellenistic&East.&The&builders&used&concrete&barrel&vaults&to&support&the&imposing& terraces&and&to&cover&the&great&ramps,&as&well&as&to&give&shape&to&the&shops.&&

% Name:%Dionysiac&Frieze% Location:%Italy& Date:%Republican&Period& Significance:%This&frieze&represents&the&second&style,&where&artists&wanted&to&dissolve& a&room’s&confining&walls&and&replace&them&with&the&illusion&of&an&imaginary&threeR dimensional&world.&The&figures&in&this&room&are&acting&out&the&initiation&rites&of&the& Dionysiac&mysteries.&Some&of&the&figures&also&interact&across&the&corners&of&the&room.&

Imperial:%

Name:%Augustus&as&General& Location:%Italy& Date:%Early&Empire&Period& Significance:%The&models&for&Augustus’s& idealized&portraits,&which&depict&him&as&a&neverR aging&god,&were&classical&Greek&statues.&This& portrait&presents&the&emperor&in&armor&in&his& role&as&general.&The&details&of&the&statue&carry& political&messages.&The&Cupid&at&Augustus’s&feet& proclaims&his&divine&descent.&&

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% Name:%Ara&Pacis% Location:%Italy& Date:%Early&Empire&Period& Significance:%Augustus&sought&to&present&his&new&order&as&a&Golden&Age&equaling&that& of&Athens&under&Pericles.&The&Ara&Pacis&celebrates&the&emperor’s&most&important& achievement,&the&establishment&of&peace.&Figural&reliefs&and&acanthus&tendrils&adorn& the&altar’s&marble&precinct&walls.&Four&panels&on&the&east&and&west&ends&depict&carefully& selected&mythological&subjects.&

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% Name:%Maison&Carée% Location:%France& Date:%Early&Empire&Period& Significance:%This&temple&exemplifies&the&conservative&NeoRClassical&Augustan& architectural&style.&It&consists&of&Corinthian&columns.&It&is&also&a&pseudoperipteral& temple.&It&has&one&set&of&staircases&located&in&the&front,&a&deep&porch,&and&the&cella&from& the&sides,&extends&all&the&way&to&the&edge.&

% Name:%Colosseum% Location:%Italy& Date:%Early&Empire&Period& Significance:%A&complex&system&of&concrete&barrel&vaults&once&held&up&the&seats&in&the& world’s&largest&hitheater,&where&50,000&spectators&could&watch&gladiatorial& combats&and&wild&animal&hunts.&It&is&also&known&as&the&Flavian&hitheater.&It&was&one& of&Vespasian’s&first&undertakings&after&becoming&emperor.&There&are&also&rooms&for&the& gladiators&and&animal&cages.&

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Name:%Trajan’s&Column& Location:%Italy& Date:%High&Empire&Period& Significance:%The&spiral&frieze&of&Trajan’s& column&tells&the&story&of&the&Dacian&wars&in&150& episodes.&The&reliefs&depicted&all&aspects&of&the& campaigns,&from&battles&to&sacrifices&to&read&and& fort&construction.&The&128RfootRcolumn&once&had a&heroically&nude&statue&of&the&emperor&at&the& top.&The&band&increases&in&width&as&it&winds&to& the&top&of&the&column&

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% Name:%Pantheon% Location:%Italy& Date:%High&Empire&Period& Significance:%The&pantheon’s&traditional&facade&masked&its&revolutionary&cylindrical& drum&and&its&huge&hemispherical&dome.&The&interior&symbolized&both&the&orb&of&the& earth&and&the&vault&of&the&heavens.&The&coffered&dome&is&142&feet&in&diameter&and&in& height.&Light&entering&through&its&oculus&forms&a&circular&beam&that&moves&across&the& dome&as&the&sun&moves&across&the&sky.& Name:%Equestrian&Statue&of&Marcus&Aurelius& Location:%Italy& Date:%High&Empire&Period.& Significance:%In&this&statue,&the&emperor& stretches&out&his&arm&in&a&gesture&of&clemency.& An&enemy&cowered&beneath&the&horse’s&raised& foreleg.&He&is&much&larger&than&any&human&being& would&be&in&relation&to&his&horse.&It&survived&the& wholesale&melting&down&because&it&was& mistakenly&thought&to&portray&Constantine.&

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Name:%Portrait&of&Constantine& Location:%Italy& Date:%Late&Empire&Period& Significance:%Constantine’s&portraits&revive&the& Augustan&image&of&an&eternally&youthful&ruler.& Constantine’s&artist&modeled&the&seminude& seated&portrait&on&Roman&images&of&Jupiter.&The& emperor&held&an&orb,&the&symbol&of&global& power,&in&his&extended&left&hand.&The&emperor’s& personality&is&lost&and&so&is&the&nervous&glace&of& the&third¢ury&portraits.&

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LATE%ANTIQUITY:%

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% % Name:%Synagogue&Interior% Location:%Syria& Date:%PreRConstantinian&Period& Significance:%The&DuraREuropos&synagogue&was&a&converted&private&house.&The&niche& housing&the&sacred&Torah&is&at&the¢er&of&one&long&wall&with&painting&depicting& episodes&from&the&Hebrew&Scriptures.&The&figures&in&the&second&scene&stand&in&frontal& rows,&and&exhibit&stylized&gestures,&features&characteristic&of&Late&Antique&art,& regardless&of&subject&matter.&

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Name:%Christ&as&Good&Shepherd& Location:%Italy& Date:%Constantine&Period& Significance:%This&ceiling&in&a&Roman&catacomb& is&similar&in&&format&to&the&painted&vaults&of& some&Ostian&apartment&house,&but&the&subjects& come&from&the&Hebrew&Scriptures&and&the&New& Testament.&It&has&a&circular&frame&with&a¢ral& medallion&and&lunettes&around&the& circumference.&

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Name:%Christ&Enthroned& Location:%?& Date:%Constantine&Period& Significance:%This&is&an&example&of&freestanding& Early&Christian&sculptures.&The&body&can&be&seen& under&the&drapery.&There&is&no&expression&on&the& face,&or&representation&of&personality.&&

% Name:%Old&Saint&Peter’s% Location:%Italy& Date:%Constantine&Period& Significance:%Built&by&Constantine,&the&first&imperial&patron&of&Christianity,&this&huge& church&stood&over&Saint&Peter’s&grave.&The&building’s&plan&and&elevation&resemble&those& of&Roman&basilicas,¬&temples.&Old&Saint&Peter’s&had&a&wide¢ral&nave&with&flanking& aisles&and&an&apse&at&the&end.&

% Name:%Christ&as&Good&Shepherd% Location:%Italy& Date:%Sons&of&Constantine&Period& Significance:%Instead&of&carrying&a&lamb&on&his&shoulder,&Jesus&sits&among&his&flock,& haloed&and&robed&in&gold&and&purple.&The&landscape&and&the&figures,&with&their&cast& shadows,&are&the&work&of&a&mosaicist&still&rooted&in&the&naturalistic&classical&tradition.& The&sheep&are&also&distributed&evenly&into&groups&of&three.&

BYZANTINE:%%

& Name:%Hagia&Sophia% Location:%Turkey& Date:%Early&Byzantine&Period&& Significance:%Justinian’s&reign&was&the&first&golden&age&of&Byzantine&art&and& architecture.&Hagia&Sophia&is&a&domed&basilica.&The&great&dome&consists&of&eastern&and& western&halfRdomes,&whose&thrusts&descend&into&smaller&half&domes.&Pendentive& construction&made&possible&Hagia&Sophia’s&lofty&dome.&&

% Name:%San&Vitale% Location:%Italy& Date:%Early&Byzantine&Period& Significance:%Justinian’s&general&Belisarius&captured&Ravenna&from&the&Ostrogoths.&The& city&became&the&seat&of&the&Byzantine&domination&in&Italy.&San&Vitale&has&a&design& featuring&an&offRaxis&narthex&and&two&concentric&octagons.&A&dome&crowns&the&taller,& inner&octagon.&

Name:%Justinian,&Bishop&Maximianus&and&attendants% Location:%Italy& Date:%Early&Byzantine&Period& Significance:%San&Vitale’s&mosaics&reveal&the&new&Byzantine&aesthetic.&Justinian&is& foremost&among&the&weightless&and&speechless&frontal&figures&hovering&before&the& viewer,&the&positions&in&space&uncertain.&The&emperor&is&in&the¢er&and&this&can&be& distinguished&by&his&purple&robe&and&halo.&

% Name:%Theodora&and&attendants% Location:%Italy& Date:%Early&Byzantine&Period& Significance:%Justinian’s&counterpart&on&the&opposite&wall&is&the&powerful&Empress& Theodora.&Neither&she&nor&Justinian&ever&visited&Ravenna.&San&Vitale’s&mosaics&are& proxies&for&the&absent&sovereigns.&The&artist&represented&the&women&within&a&define& architecture.&

Name:%Virgin&and&Child&between&Saints&Theodore& and&George& Location:%Egypt& Date:%Early&Byzantine&Period& Significance:%Byzantine&icons&are&the&heirs&to&the& Roman&tradition&of&portrait&painting&on&small&wood& panels,&but&their&Christian&subjects&ad&function&as& devotional&objects&broke&sharply&from&the&Classical& models.&The&two&guardian&saints&intercede&with&the& Virgin&on&the&viewer’s&behalf.&

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Name:%Crucifixion& Location:%Greece& Date:%Middle&Byzantine&Period& Significance:%The&Daphni&Crucifixion&is&a&subtle& blend&of&Hellenistic&style&and&the&more&abstract& Byzantine&manner.&The&Virgin&Mary&and&Saint&John& point&to&Christ&on&the&cross&as&if&to&a&devotional& object.&The&skull&at&the&foot&of&the&cross&indicates& Golgotha.&

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% Name:%Anastasis% Location:%Turkey& Date:%Late&Byzantine&Period& Significance:%In&this&Late&Byzantine&funeral&chapel,&Christ,&a&white&apparition& surrounded&by&a&luminous&mandorla,&raises&Adam&and&Ever&from&their&tombs&as&John& the&Baptist&and&Kings&David&and&Solomon&look&on.&It&portrays&the&themes&of&human& mortality&and&redemption&by&Christ.&He&also&tramples&Satan.&

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ISLAMIC:%%

% Name:%Dome&of&the&Rock% Location:%Jerusalem& Date:%Early&Islamic&Period.& Significance:%Abd&alRMalik&built&the&Dome&of&the&Rock&to&mark&the&triumph&of&Islam&in& Jerusalem&on&a&site&sacred&to&Muslims,&Christian,&and&Jews.&The&shrine&takes&the&form&of& an&octagon&with&a&towering&dome.&On&the&interior,&original&mosaics&are&largely&intact.&&

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Name:%Malwiya&Minaret& Location:%Iraq& Date:%Early&Islamic&Period& Significance:%The&unique&spiral&Malwiya&(snail& shell)&Minaret&of&Samarra’s&Great&Mosque&is&more& the&165&feet&tall&and&can&be&seen&from&afar.&It&served to&announce&the&presence&of&Islam&in&the&Tigris& Valley.&The&distinguishing&feature&is&the&stepped& spiral&ramp,&which&increases&in&slope&from&the& bottom&to&top.&

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%Name:%Great&Mosque&& Location:%Spain& Date:%Early&Islamic&Art& Significance:%The&caliph&alRHakam&II&expanded&and& renovated&Cordoba’s&Mezquita.&The&new&gates&to& the&complex&feature&intricate&surface&patterns&of& overlapping&horseshoeRshaped&and&multilobed& arches.&In&the&Great&Mosque’s&prayer&hall,&36&piers& and&514&columns&support&doubleRtiered&horseshoeR shaped&arches.&

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%Name:%Alhambra&Palace,&Dome&of&the&2&sisters& Location:%Spain& Date:%Later&Islamic&Art& Significance:%The&structure&of&this&dome&on&an& octagonal&drum&is&difficult&to&discern&because&of&the intricately&carved&stucco&muqarnas.&The&prismatic& forms&reflect&sunlight,&creating&the&effect&of&a&starry& sky.&The&lofty&vault&in&this&hall&symbolize&the&dome& of&heaven.&

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EARLY%MEDIEVAL:%

% Name:%Purse&Cover% Location:%England& Date:%Warrior&Lords&Period& Significance:%The&purse&cover&comes&from&a&treasureRladen&royal&burial&ship.&The& combination&of&abstract&interlace&ornamentation&with&animal&figures&is&the&hallmark&of& the&art&of&the&early&Middle&Ages&in&Western&Europe.&The&decoration&consists&of&seven& cloisonni&plaques&within&a&cloisonni&border.&

Name:%Carpet&Page& Location:%England& Date:%HibernoRSaxon&Period& Significance:%The&crossRinscribed&carpet&page&of& the&Lindisfarne&Gospels&exemplifies&the&way& HibernoRSaxon&illuminators&married&Christian& imagery&and&the&animalRinterlace&style&of&the&early& medieval&warlords.&

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Name:%St.&Matthew,&Coronation&Gospels& Location:%Germany& Date:%Carolingan&Period& Significance:%The&Carolingian&painter&used&light,& shade,&and&perspective&to&create&the&illusion&of& threeRdimensional&form.&The&crossRlegged&chair,&th lectern,&and&the&saint’s&toga&are&familiar&Roman& accessories.&&

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Name:%St.&Matthew,&Ebbo&Gospels& Location:%France& Date:%Carolingan&Period& Significance:%Saint&Matthew&writes&frantically,&and& the&folds&of&his&drapery&write&and&vibrate.&Even&the& landscape&rears&up&alive.&The&painter&merged& classical&illusionism&with&the&northern&European& linear&tradition.&

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Name:%Palantine&Chapel;&Odo&of&Metz& Location:%Germany& Date:%Carolingian&Period& Significance:%Charlemagne&sought&to&emulate& Byzantine&splendor&in&Germany.&The&plan&of&his& Aachen&palace&chapel&is&based&on&that&of&San&Vitale,& but&the&west&facade&is&distinctly&Carolingian.&His& chapel&is&the&first&vaulted&medieval&structure&north& of&the&Alps.&The&architect&transformed&it&in&to& massive&geometric&form.&

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Name:%Bronze&Doors&from&St.&Michaels& Location:%Germany& Date:%Ottonian&Period& Significance:%Bernward’s&doors&tell&the&story&of&an& original&sin&and&redemption,&and&draw&the¶llels& between&the&Old&and&the&New&Testaments,&as&in&the& expulsion&from&Paradise&and&the&infancy&and& suffering&of&Christ.&

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ROMANESQUE:%

% Name:%Saint&Sernin% Location:%France& Date:%ca.&1070R1120& Significance:%The&clergy&vied&with&one&another&to&provide&magnificent&settings&for&the& display&of&holy&relics.&“Pilgrimage&churches”&have&longer&and&wider&naves&and&aisles&as& well&as&transepts&and&ambulatories&with&radiating&chapels&for&viewing&relics.&

Name:%Christ&in&Majesty& Location:%France& Date:%ca.&1096& Significance:%One&of&the&earliest&series&of&large& Romanesque&figural&reliefs&decorated&the& pilgrimage&church.&Christ&sits&in&a&mandorla,&his& right&hand&raised&in&blessing.&The&signs&of&the&four& evangelists&occupy&the&corners&of&the&slab.&The& piece&was&created&by&Bernadus&Gelduinus.&

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Name:%Lions&and&Old&Testament&Prophet& Location:%France& Date:%ca.&1115R1130& Significance:%This&animated&prophet&displays&the& scroll&recounting&his&vision.&His&position&below&the& apparition&of&Christ&as&last&judge&is&in&keeping&with& the&tradition&of&pairing&Old&and&New&Testament& themes.&Some&scholars&identify&the&prophet&as& Jerimiah,&others&as&Isaiah.&

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% Name:%Last&Judgement% Location:%France& Date:%ca.&1120R1135& Significance:%In&the&tympanum&of&the&church&most&closely&associated&with&the& Crusades,&light&rays&emanating&from&Christ’s&hands&instill&the&Holy&Spirit&in&the&apostles,& whose&mission&is&to&convert&the&world’s&heathens.&

Name:%Speyer&Cathedral& Location:%Germany& Date:%Holy&Roman&Empire&Period& Significance:%The&imperial&cathedral&at&Speyer&is& one&of&the&earliest&examples&of&the&use&of&groin& vaulting&in&a&nave.&Groin&vaults&made&possible&the& insertion&of&large&clerestory&windows&above&the& nave&arcade.&The&church&was&the&burial&place&of&the& Holy&Roman&emperors&until&the&beginning&of&the& 12th¢ury.&

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Name:%Durham&Cathedral& Location:%England& Date:%begun&ca.&1093& Significance:&Durham&Cathedral&is&the&first& example&of&a&rib&groin&vault&placed&over&a&threeR story&nave.&Quadrant&arches&replaced&groin&vaults& in&the&tribune&as&buttresses&of&the&nave&vaults.&In& the&nave,&simple&pillars&alternate&with&compound& piers&that&support&the&transverse&arched&of&the& sevenRpart&groin&vaults.&

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% Name:%Bayeux&Tapestry% Location:%France& Date:%ca.&1070R1080& Significance:%The&Bayeux&tapestry&is&unique&in&medieval&art.&Like&historical&narratives& in&Roman&art,&it&depicts&contemporaneous&events&in&full&detail,&as&in&the&scrollRlike&frieze& of&Trajan’s&column.&It&is&about&230&feet&long&and&believed&to&be&created&by&English& women.&The&colors&of&the&thread&are&limited&due&to&the&earlier×.&

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GOTHIC:%

Name:%Saint&Denis& Location:%France& Date:%Early&Gothic&Period& Significance:%Abbot&Suger’s&modeling&of&SaintR Denis&marked&the&beginning&of&Gothic&architecture.& Rib&Vaults&with&pointed&arches&spring&from&slender& columns.&StainedRglass&windows&admit&lux&nova.&By using&very&light&rib&vaults,&the&builders&were&able&to& eliminate&the&walls&between&the&radiating&chapels.&

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Name:%Chartres&Cathedral& Location:%France& Date:%Early&Gothic&Period& Significance:%The&Early&Gothic&west&facade&was&all& that&remained&of&Chartres&Cathedral&after&the&1194& fire.&The&design&still&has&much&in&common&with&the& Romesque&facades.&The&rose&window&is&an&example& of&plate&tracery.&It&consists&of&a&triforium.&

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Name:%Annunciation&&&Visitation,&Reims&Cathedral& Location:%France& Date:%High&Gothic&Period& Significance:%Several&sculptors&working&in&diverse& styles&carved&the&Reims&jamb&statues,&but&all&the& figures&resemble&freestanding&statues&with&bodies& and&arms&in&motion.&The&biblical&features&converse& through&gestures.&The&statues&appear&completely& detached&from&their&architectural&background.&

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Name:%Saint&Chapelle& Location:%France& Date:%High&Gothic&Period& Significance:%At&Louis&IX’s&Saint&Chapelle,&the& architect&succeeded&in&dissolving&the&walls&to&such& an&extent&the&6450&square&feet&of&stained&glass& account&for&more&than&three&quarters&of&the& Rayonnant&Gothic&structure.&

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