Asamst Midterm 1 PDF

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Chinese Exclusion Act

1882: First time in American history that barred an immigrant group based on race and class by prohibiting particularly Chinese laborers from immigrant to America. However, it did allow few select classes of Chinese merchants, diplomats, and teachers to apply for admission into the US. This act is historically significant because it defined illegal immigration as a criminal offense and set the precedent of future restrictive legislation against other racial and ethnic groups, like Southeastern Europeans and Mexicans.

Gentleman's Agreement

1907-1908: Restricted the entry of Japanese laborers into the United States. Quite similar to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in a way that it is similar in targeting a group of people and a class (laborers). It is also a part of the history of the racialization of Japanese in a way that's similar to the racialization of the Chinese. However, the agreement doesn't have an overt Japanese sentiment, so some people conceptualize the act to be beneficial both to Japan and America. However, it did set the precedent for Japanese exclusion in the 1924 Immigration Act, which abolished Asian immigration by barring "aliens" who were ineligible for natural citizenship.

1/14 Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: First time in American history that barred an immigrant group based on race and class by prohibiting particularly Chinese laborers from immigrant to America. However, it did allow few select classes of Chinese merchants, diplomats, and teachers to apply for admission into the US. This act is historically significant because it defined illegal immigration as a criminal offense and set the precedent of future restrictive legislation against other racial and ethnic groups, like Southeastern Europeans and Mexicans. Gentleman's Agreement 1907-1908: Restricted the entry of Japanese laborers into the United States. Quite similar to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in a way that it is similar in targeting a group of people and a

class (laborers). It is also a part of the history of the racialization of Japanese in a way that's similar to the racialization of the Chinese. However, the agreement doesn't have an overt Japanese sentiment, so some people conceptualize the act to be beneficial both to Japan and America. However, it did set the precedent for Japanese exclusion in the 1924 Immigration Act, which abolished Asian immigration by barring "aliens" who were ineligible for natural citizenship. Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934: Created a time table for the gradual independence of the Philippines from the United States. However, it established limits on Filipino immigration by reclassifying all Filipinos, including those who were living in the U.S., as aliens for the purposes of immigration to America. A quota of 50 immigrants per year was established. This act furthered the racialization of Filipinos as unassimilable, foreign, and un-American. Ozawa v. United States 1922: U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Japanese were ineligible for U.S. citizenship because this Asian community was not Caucasian, and therefore, could not be classified as white. Takao Ozawa went to to prove before the court that he was American in every way possible through his English language fluency, adaptation to American/English culture, and his current 20-year standing in theUnited States. However, his argument was not convincing based on racial grounds for the Supreme Court, as he tried to claim that Japanese people were properly classified as free white persons. As a result of this case, Japanese were also excluded from immigrating to US on the Immigration Act of 1924, despite their geopolitical status. Ghadar Party 1912-1913: Pacific Coast Hindustani Association was founded and they were later referred to as the Ghadar Party. In Punjabi, Gadar means "mutiny," "chaos," and/or "revolt." The purpose of the GhadarParty was to perpetuate a secular movement for Indian independence from British rule. They advocated for armed revolution in India against British colonizers. March First Movement 1919: The most important and bloodiest independence effort in Japanese-occupied Korea, beginning with a peaceful march on March 1st, 1919 by 33 patriots. These patriots signed the Declaration of Korean independence as a symbolic rejection of Japanese colonialism. This march was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910. This march provided a catalyst for the Korean Independence Movement. United States v. Thind 1923: Asian Indian Bhagat Singh Thind argued that he was eligible for US citizenship because scientifically, he has Aryan and Caucasian roots. Citing anthropological experts, Aryans of Indians had particular physical features, such as tallness, distinctive European-like characteristics, and light-skinned. The case then claimed that Thind's claim to whiteness is ridiculous and that he was still an alien to the white race. This then shifted the racialization of Asian Indians from ethnological based evidence to a more common sense notion on what constitutes whiteness. Why do Asian American history courses often begin in 1848? Give two examples of how Asian American historians have broadened their geographical and temporal boundaries of Asian American history to begin before 1848 and outside of California. -Asian American history courses begin in 1848 due to the California Gold Rush and the increase in Chinese/Asian migration as a result of the desire for wealth

-Before the Gold Rush, in 1835: William Hooper in Hawaii transformed sugar into a cash crop and eventually, into a major industry in the state. As a result, it turned labor into wage labor and this caused an increase in the importation of laborers from countries, like Portugal, China, Japan, and later, the Philippines. Historian Ronald Takaki discusses this history because he, himself is a pioneering historian from Hawaii. -In the 1700s, northeastern ports were very common among Asian folks to enter through. Coolwei Chen discusses how he's one of the first Asians to migrate through the ports and he discusses this in the historical context of multiculturalism. The establishment of port culture through the port districts directly ties to the measurement of one's American purity and how the American experiment is really like alongside the concept of multiculturalism. China had strong maritime and shipbuilding traditions, so many people sailed through the ports in search of wealth. Describe three ways that Chinese migrants transformed the American West in the second half of the 19th century. -Intro: There are not many historical facts and sources to look upon for Asian American history due to the fact that overt violence within these communities around the second half of the 19th century. There aren't many archives either, so it leaves people uneducated about the history of Asian labor migration despite its importance to America and its culture. -One way that Chinese migrants transformed the American West is through their involvement with the California Gold Rush 1848. They changed the land, politics, and economy of California and especially due to being discriminated against, their taxed dollars as gold miners through the Foreign Miner's Tax 1850 contributed/comprised 50% of CA's economy. -2nd way that Chinese migrants transformed the west is through their labor for the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah. Their unskilled labor was favored due to its cheapness and also, the lack of present European laborers at the time. During this time, they faced a lot of hardships building the railroad, especially during winters when it would snow constantly. Changed the technological advancement of transportation in the West and revolutionized the economy/population. -3rd way that Chinese migrants transformed the west is through farming and agricultural work. Working as tenant farmers, they are unable to own land in California, Oregon, and Washington. However, what they were capable of doing was changing swamp land (at times) into arable lands to the point they were able to do it with 88,000 acres of land. They also produced 9 different kinds of Oranges in California along with other fruits, like Ah-Bing's discovery of the Bing Cherry in the 1800s. What are two similarities and one major difference between Japanese and Chinese migration to the American West in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century? -1 difference: Japan was caught between two empires--their own imperialism and emerging empire in the second half of the 19th century to the 20th along with the United States' emerging empire through westward expansion. When Japan's emperor's power was officially restored during the Meiji Restoration, Japan realized that there was an international scramble for territory. In order to maintain their power, they engaged in imperial expansion and created their own version of manifest destiny--the ideology that the United States has the god-given right to expand

westward and bring upon civilization. In this case, Japan is expanding eastward. -1 similarity: Labor. Both Chinese and Japanese migrants engaged in the same type of working class labor, especially since many of these individuals worked on the Hawaiian sugar plantations. There were about 300,000 Asians who migrated to Hawaii to work on the plantations, later becoming the majority there. As the Chinese helped with creating 9 different types of Oranges in California along with the Bing cherry in the 1800s, Japanese migrants also helped impact the agricultural economy in the U.S by producing 70% of California's strawberries and 95% of CA's celery and snap beans in 1910. -2nd similarity: Anti-Asian hostility. After the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882, Japanese laborers started to migrate to the U.S. and take over agricultural jobs. However, both groups still faced a lot of white worker hostility, which later established categories like "Asiatic" and "Oriental" by these white folks. In 1907-1908, Japanese also faced similar racialization with their immigration through the Gentlemen's Agreement, which prevented Japanese from immigrating to America. Chinese also faced a lot of physical violence with white folks at certain locations, like the massacre at Rock Springs, Wyoming in 1885, when 100-150 white people (predominantly men) murdered 28 Chinese people and injured about 50 others. Choose two specific places from Bulosan that you found striking. One of these places should come from p. 95-151, the other from p. 152-189. Note the page #s. What did the narrator experience or observe in these places? -P. 129: Los Angeles (near Main Street and Vermont Avenue). This location stood out to me because this is the place where Bulosan physically witnessed the violence and murder of a Filipino boy by law enforcement. His exposure to the physical violence on his own community introduces him to the concept that his people were racialized as "other," and folks who are supposed to be excluded, unfairly treated, and essentially, killed. This later impacts how he responds with resistance to the white community in another location that stood out to me in Lompoc. -P. 163: Lompoc, CA in Santa Barbara county. When Bulosan works at a bakery called, Opal Cafe, in Lompoc, he encounters a local white businessman who questions his reading interest. As their conversation gets heated over time, the white businessman gets offended by Bulosan's responses and hits him in the back of the head. As a result, Bulosan has had enough with the antiAsian hostility and "strikes at the white world" with a butcher knife. This stood out to me because I view this as a representation of patriarchal violence coming into play as a form of resistance. Although I personally don't see it as liberation, Bulosan does and it is the initiation of his pioneering years as a Filipino man in America... where he learns to navigate the violent world through first, violence, and second, education. According to Erika Lee, how did the effort to exclude Chinese influence the restriction of Japanese, Mexican, and Italian immigrants? -Intro: Chinese Exclusion Act provided the architecture for future legislation by setting the precedent for the restrictive immigration laws and stigmas against Mexican, Japanese, and Italian people. By introducing the gatekeeping ideology, Erika Lee expresses how the act has [re]shaped America's notions and understanding of race/ethnicity, immigration, and the national identity as a nation of immigrants. It established Chinese immigrants as the model to measure other groups' whiteness and undesirability as immigrants.

-Restriction on Mexicans: Following the exclusion of Asian immigrants, they're always seen as racial others who can replace the agricultural labor of these folks. During the 1920s, their rights were largely protected by industrial and agricultural employers, but they still continued to be long-standing targets for racial nativism as folks connected Chinese immigration to Mexican immigration to establish Mexicans as foreigners as well. In 1994, the Immigration and Naturalization Service Gatekeeper's used their militarized efforts to restrict the illegal entry of Mexican immigrants into San Diego, California. -Restriction on Japanese: Americans on the West Coast became alarmed with the large amount of Asian migration, especially from Japan. Californians portrayed Japanese immigrants as yet another "Oriental Invasion," and they were especially feared because of their skill in agricultural labor and their tendency to start families in the U.S. Many also connected Chinese immigration to Japanese immigration by deeming them as a threat, unassimilable, and cheap labor. They were also considered more objectionable since they were more aggressive than the Chinese. The act later led to the establishment of the 1907-1908 Gentlemen's Agreement, which prevented Japanese immigration to America. Also, in 1910, James D. Phelan, SF mayor, ran for the United States Senate under the slogan of "Stop the Silent Invasion" (of the Japanese). -Restriction on Italians: Their large-scale migration prompted similar versions of invasion rhetoric used against the Chinese. Because distinctive physical features b/w native white Americans European immigrants weren't readily apparent, racial nativists, like Anglo-Americans manufactured racial difference to differentiate primarily southern and eastern Europeans, like the Italians, from the white Americans. Marking these south/eastern Europeans as unassimilable and foreign, their cheap labor threatened the Anglo-American workingmen and were referred to as the "Chinese of Europe," and "European coolies." In 1894, there was an even an establishment of the Immigration Restriction League, or IRL, who listed southern/eastern Europeans with the Asiatics as excludable and unwanted immigrants. Why are imperialism and anti-imperialism important themes in Asian Indian and Korean American history? Using Seema Sohi's essay and Lili M. Kim's essay, describe one example of the anti-imperialist activities of Taraknath Das and other members of the early 20th century Asian Indian community in North America, and one example of Korean women's anti-imperialist activities in Hawaii. -Intro: [Anti]imperialism = important themes because both India and Korea are/were subjects of imperialism by other countries and groups of people. Starting in 1910, Korea was annexed by Japan and starting in the 1600s until 1947, Britain started their colonizing rule over India. For Punjab, Britain annexed them in 1849. -Asian Indians: Man anticolonialists traveled to a different area that they deemed far from the British government to find a safe haven for their organizing work against British colonization. Little did they know is that when they traveled to North America, British surveillance found their way to track these anticolonialist Indians and they made it their goal to deport the Indians back to India. A specific example of how some folks continued their anti-imperialism work is Taraknath Das, who was the first US-based Indian anticolonialist who Hopkinson attempted to deport. Being the first person to claim asylum in the United States, he had little foundation/money to support himself, so he started with unskilled labor jobs until he made his way to Berkeley to

establish a free evening school to teach migrants English and history to help pass the naturalization test along with the Indian Independence League to encourage others to resist against British rule. He also had his first publication, Free Hindusthan, a bimonthly journal that encouraged Indians to resist exclusion in Canada and warned the British government that their continued colonization would lead to an upheaval that would destroy their country. -Koreans: They engaged in anti-imperialist activities through their involvement with the March First Movement in 1919. Jumpstarting the Korean Independence Movement in Hawaii, many Koreans participated in the most important and bloodiest effort for independence from Japanese colonialism at the time that Japan annexed Korea in 1910. With a peaceful march of about 33 patriots who signed the Declaration of Korean Independence in response against the annexation, many individuals have rallied for American support for their own independence. In particular, Korean women have a played a huge role despite the occupied leader positions by hegemonic male leaders. They have organized many beginning Korean organizations, like the Korean Women's Association, to provide services to Korean individuals in the community, such as help with language and becoming more integrated with the American culture. They do this to help build the generational gap between 2nd generation and 3rd generations Korean while trying to uphold ethnic pride and unity among their community. After the march, they also established the Korean Women's Relief Society to demonstrate its benevolent nationalism and expand its scope of the Korean independence movement. Identify the following three individuals and explain how specific examples of their work have been influenced by Asian American historical themes and/or events: T.Y. Lin, Lenora Lee, and Laura Kina -Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at UC Berkeley. He's considered a visionary, as he is the 1986 National Medal of Science recipient for pioneering prestressed concrete, which influenced modern structural design. What makes him super important to Asian American history is that he proposed an Intercontinental Peace Bridge across the Bering Strait. In the midst of the Cold War around the late 1940s to early 1990s between the U.S. and Soviet Union, Lin developed the bold idea to connect Alaska to Siberia with a man-made bridge across the Bering Strait. Lin envisioned this idea to be a solution to the relationship between Russia and U.S. and he also had the desire to span culture and politics across the bridge. He wanted to unite mankind through human energy and technical capabilities that would go into the construction of the manmade bridge and due to the fact that the Cold War also involved many Asian countries, he was really passionate about executing his plan. -Lenora Lee: Dancer, choreographer, and artistic director of Lenora Lee Dance in SF, LA, and NY, she presents large-scale multimedia performances (dance, music, text) that connects movement styles with culture, history, and human rights issue. In September 2017, she released a multimedia dance production called, "Within These Walls" to acknowledge the 136th anniversary of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Through this dance, lee wanted to convey the strength and resilience of the Chinese community against unjust immigration legislation and incarceration. Through this piece, the dance provides commentary and other multidisciplinary aspects of the performance that allows the director to really analyze the effects of deportation and antiimmigration policies on the Chinese. Because the public doesn't generally talk about the Chinese Exclusion Act, she believes bringing this performance to the Angel Island immigration station will open the dialo...