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Chapter 1 Re vi e wQue s t i ons 1. Whati st h edi ffe r e n c eb e t we e nat hr e a ta g e n ta ndat h r e at ? Th r e a t sa r eac ol l e c t i v et oa ne v e ntt h a ti sa l wa y sp r e s e nt ,t he r ei sa l wa y st h ep o s s i b i l i t y o fa na t t a c k .Ont h eo t he rha n d,t heTh r e a t sAg e nti smo r es pe c i fic .I ti spa r toft h e Th r e a t s ,b utr a t he rwi t hi t so wni d e n t i t y ,b e c a us ei tha si t so wnc h a r a c t e r i s t i core l e me n t s , whi c hc a na c ta l on eo ri nc o n j un c t i onwi t ho t he rt h r e a s ta g e nt s , t of o r mt het h r e a t st he ms e l v e s . 2 .Wha ti st h ed i ffe r e n c eb e t we e nv ul n e r abi l i t ya n de x p os ur e ? Vu l ne r a b i l i t ya r ef a i l ur e sorwe a kn e s s e st h a tputs e c u r i t ya tr i s k,h o we v e rt h eEx pos ur e , i ss i mpl yope nt oa t t a c k,d oe sno th a v ea n yp r o t e c t i ons y s t e m.Th i se xpo s u r ec a nb eq ua nt i fie di nmo ne t a r yv a l u e . 3 .Ho wh a st hede fi ni t i onof“h ac k ”e v o l v e do v e rt hel as t3 0y e ar s ? Th ee v ol u t i o no ft h ewo r dha c k,h a sb e e nn o t or i ous ,i to r i g i na t e d,u s i n gt h es a mewor d t ha twa su s e dwhe nt h et r a i ns y s t e m wa sa l t e r e ds ot h a tt h e ywe r emo r ee ffic i e n t .Fr o m t hebe gi n ni n gt h ee xh i bi t i ono fi nf or ma t i o nwa se v i de nt ,a n dt h eh a c k e r st ooka d v a nt a g e o ft h i sop por t uni t y . Th i swo r dwa smo di fie di t sme a ni n g ,s i nc et heu s eoft h ewor dh a c k , me a n tac r i me ,a na c t i ona g a i n s tt h es e c ur i t yo fp r i v i l e g e di n f o r ma t i on . 4 .Wha tt y peofs e c u r i t ywasd o mi n anti nt hee a r l yy e ar sofc ompu t i n g ? Be f o r eARP ANET,a c c e s swa so nl yph y s i c a l . 5 .Wha tar et het hr e ec omp one n t soft heC. I . A.t r i a n g l e ?Wh a tar et he yus e df o r ? Thec o mpon e nt sa r e :Confid e nt i a l i t y ,I n t e g r i t ya ndAv a i l a bi l i t y .Thi ss e r v e st ode t e r mi n e t hev a l ueo fa no r g a n i z a t i on' si n f o r ma t i on . 6 .I ft h eC. I . A.t r i a n g l ei si n c omp l e t e ,wh yi si ts oc o mmo nl yu s e di ns e c u r i t y ? Thet r i a n g l ee xp a nd e d,d uet oc o nt i nuou sc ha n g e si ni nf or ma t i o nv ul ne r a bi l i t y .I ti sp r e c i s e l yt h eb a s i so ft h eC. I . A. ,wh i c hp r o vi d e sg ui d a nc et oc on t i n uee v ol v i n g . 7 .De s c r i bet h ec r i t i c alc h a r a c t e r i s t i c sofi n f o r mat i on.Howar et he yus e di nt h es t u dyofc o mp ut e rs e c u r i t y ? Av a i l a bi l i t y :a c c e s st oi n f or ma t i o nwi t ho uto b s t a c l e s . Ac c u r a c y :pr e c i s i o nt h a tha st h er e q u i r e di n f or ma t i o n. Au t he n t i c i t y :t h eq u a l i t ya ndor i gi na l i t yo ft h ei n f o r ma t i on . Con fide nt i a l i t y :g ua r a n t e e st ha tonl yt h os ewhoa r ea u t h or i z e dt ot h i si nf or ma t i o nc a n h a v ei t . I n t e g r i t y :wh e nt h ei nf or ma t i o ni sc omp l e t ea ndwi t hou tc o r r up t i o n. Ut i l i t y :t h ev a l u et h a ts u c hi nf or ma t i o np os s e s s e s . Pos s e s s i o n:o wne r s hi porc o nt r o lo fi nf or ma t i o n.

The s ee l e me n t sa r et heba s i sf ori nf or ma t i o ns e c ur i t ys y s t e ms ,be c a u s et he yd e t e r mi n e h o wc r i t i c a la ndi mpor t a n tt h ei n f o r ma t i oni s .I na ddi t i ont oho wmu c hv a l u ei sg i v e nt o d ot h ej ob . 8 .I de n t i f yt hefiv ec omp one n t so fa ni nf o r ma t i ons y s t e m.Wh i c ha r emo s td i r e c t l yi mp a c t e db y t h es t u dyofc o mpu t e rs e c u r i t y ?Whi c ha r emo s tc o mmo nl yas s o c i at e dwi t hi t ss t u dy ? I t sc omp one n t sa r e1)So f t wa r e ,2 )Ha r d wa r e ,3)Da t a ,4 )Pe o pl ea nd5)Pr oc e d ur e .Th e mos ta ffe c t e da r et h es o f t wa r ea ndt hepr oc e dur e .Themos tr e l a t e dt ot hi ss t ud ya r et he p r oc e dur ea ndt h eu s e r . 9 .I nt hehi s t or yoft h es t udyofc o mput e rs e c ur i t y ,wha ts y s t e mi st h ef at he rofa l mos tal lmod e r n mu l t i us e rs y s t e ms ? Ma i n f r a meCopu t e rSy s t e ms 1 0.Wh atp ap e ri st hef o unda t i o no fa l ls u b s e que n ts t u di e sofc ompu t e rs e c u r i t y ? Ra n dRe po r tR609 1 1.Ho wi st h et o pd owna pp r o ac ht oi nf o r ma t i ons e c u r i t ys u pe r i ort ot hebo t t o mupapp r o ac h? Thet o pd o wnha sag r e a t e rs e c ur i t ys y s t e m,a si tha sal a r g e rfina n c i n g ,mo r ede d i c a t e d p l a nn i n ga ndmo r es uppo r tma n a g e me nta dmi ni s t r a t i o n.Un l i k eBo t t o mUo ,i td o e sn o t h a v et h ef u l ls u ppo r to fi t sp a r t i c i p a nt s ,no ras t a n da r df or mofp r o c e d ur e . 1 2.Wh yi same t h odo l o gyi mpor t anti nt hei mpl e me nt at i onofi n f o r mat i ons e c u r i t y ?Ho wd o e sa me t h odol o g yi mpr o v et hepr oc e s s ? Ens ur e samo r ec ompl e xp r o c e s swh i l ea v o i di n gs ki ppi n gt h es t e p st of o l l o w. 1 3.Wh oi si n v ol v e di nt h es e c u r i t yde v e l o pme ntl i f ec y c l e ?Wh ol e ad st hepr oc e s s ? Se c u r i t yp r o f e s s i ona l sa r et h eo ne swh oa r emo s ti n v ol v e di nSDLC.Theo wne r soft h e d a t aa r et h eo ne swh ol e a di t . 1 4.Ho wdoe st h epr ac t i c eofi nf o r ma t i ons e c u r i t yqua l i f yasb o t ha nar tan das c i e nc e ?Ho w d oe ss e c ur i t yasas oc i als c i e nc ei nflu e nc ei t sp r a c t i c e ? Ar t :I tc a nb ec on s i d e r e da na r t ,b e c a us ey ouha v et hee a s eofu s ewi t hou tt hen e e df o ra r i g or o usp r o c e d ur e . Sc i e nc e :Ev e r yt hi n gh a sas ol ut i on ,a si ti sc r e a t e db yde v e l ope r s ,t hi sg u a r a n t e e sas hor t o rl o n gt e r ms ol ut i on. 1 5.Wh oi su l t i mat e l yr e s pon s i b l ef o rt hes e c u r i t yo fi n f o r mat i oni nt h eor g an i z at i on? Thedi r e c t o ro fi n f o r ma t i ons e c ur i t y 1 6.Wh ati st her e l at i ons hi pbe t we e nt h eMULTI CSp r o j e c ta nde ar l yde v e l o pme nto fc omput e r s e c ur i t y ? Thefir s ts y s t e m wa sMULTI CS,t hi sr e q ui r e ss e v e r a ll e v e l sofs e c ur i t y .Hi ss uc c e s s o rwa s UNI X, whi c hi nc on t r a s t ,d o e sn o tn e e dt h es a mep r o c e s so rs e c ur i t yl e v e l s .

1 7.Ho whasc omput e rs e c ur i t ye v ol v e di nt omode r ni n f o r mat i ons e c u r i t y ? TheARP ANETwa sr e s pon s i b l e ,b e f or et hi s , s e c u r i t ywa so n l yp h y s i c a l . 1 8.Wh atwa si mpo r t a nta bo utRa ndRe por tR6 09 ? I twa st h efir s td o c u me ntoni nf o r ma t i ons e c ur i t yt h a twa se s t a b l i s h e dt oi de nt i f yI Sp r o bl e ms 1 9.Wh atd o e si tme ant od i s c o v e rane x p l oi t ?Ho wd o e sane x p l oi td i ffe rf r omav ul n e r abi l i t y ? Tod i s c o v e rt h ee xpl o i ti st oe xpl oi tore xpl o i tavul ne r a b i l i t y .Thedi ffe r e nc ei st h a tv ul n e r a b i l i t yi st hea c c e s st h a ti sd i s c o v e r e da ndt h ee xpl o i ts e i z e st h i so ppor t uni t yf orc ons t a n ta c c e s s . 2 0.Wh os hou l dl e a das e c u r i t yt e a m?S ho ul dt hea pp r oac ht os e c u r i t ybemo r eman a g e r i alor t e c h ni c al ? AnI Ss ki l l sma n a g e ri st h eo newh os h ou l dl e a dat e a ma n dt h ef oc uss h oul dbeUpBot t t o m.

Ex e r c i s e s 1 .Lo oku p“t h epape rt hats t ar t e dt h es t udyofc o mput e rs e c ur i t y . ”Pr e p ar eas u mma r yo ft he k e ypo i nt s . Whati nt h i sp ape rs pe c i fi c al l yadd r e s s e ss e c u r i t yi na r e asp r e v i ou s l yu ne x ami ne d ? RRR60 9wa st h edoc ume ntt h a tpr omo t e dt h ed e v e l opme nto fs e c ur i t ys y s t e ms ,s i nc epr e vi o us l y ,t he r ewa so nl yp h y s i c a ls e c ur i t y .Th i sd oc ume nte s t a b l i s h e dc on t r o l sf ormu l t i l e v e lI Sp r ot e c t i on.Th i sr e p or to p e ne dt h ewa yt oi n c l u det h ef o l l o wi n gp oi n t s :1 )Da t as e c ur i t y ,2 )Li mi t r a n do ma nduna u t hor i z e da c c e s st od a t a ,a n d3 )I n v ol v emu l t i l e v e lpe r s o nne lr e l a t e dt oI S. 5 .Us i n gt heWe b ,fi ndo utwhoKe v i nMi t ni c kwa s .Whatdi dh edo ?Whoc a u g h th i m?Wr i t ea s ho r ts u mmar yo fhi sa c t i v i t i e sa ndwhyhei si n f a mous . Ke v i nDa vi dMi t n i c kwa sb o r nonAu gus t6 ,1 96 3,i so n eo ft h emo s tf a mou sAme r i c a nh a c k e r s i nhi s t o r y .Hi sl a s ta r r e s to c c ur r e do nFe b r ua r y1 5,1 99 5,a f t e rbe i n ga c c us e dofe nt e r i n gs o meo f t hes a f e s tc ompu t e r si nt h eUni t e dSt a t e s .Thec a s eo fKe vi nMi t n i c k ,s pe c i fic a l l yh i sl a s ti mp r i s o nme nt ,be c a mev e r yp o pul a ra mon gt heUSme d i abe c a us eo ft h es l o wp r o c e s s ,a ndt h es t r i c t c o nd i t i o nso fi mp r i s on me n tt owhi c hh ewa ss ub j e c t e d .Af t e rh i sr e l e a s ei n2 0 02,Ke vi nMi t n i c k i se n g a g e di ns e c ur i t yc on s u l t i n ga nda d vi c e ,t hr o u ghhi sc ompa n yMi t n i c kSe c ur i t y( pr e vi ous l y c a l l e dDe f e ns i v eThi nki n g ) .Oneoft h et e a mme mb e r swh oc o nt r i b ut e dt oMi t n i c k ' sa r r e s twa s Ts ut o muShi momu r a ,ac o mput e rs e c u r i t ye xp e r ta nds o nofPr of e s s o rOs a muShi momur a ,o neof t het h r e ewi n ne r so ft h e2 00 8Nobe lPr i z ei nChe mi s t r y .

Cas eEx e r c i s e s Thene x tdayatS LSf ou nde v e r y onei nt e c hni c als uppo r tbu s yr e s t or i n gc o mpu t e rs y s t e mst o t h e i rf o r me rs t at eandi ns t al l i n gne wv i r usa ndwor mc on t r o ls of t wa r e .Amyf o undh e r s e l fl e a r ni n gh o wt oi n s t a l ld e s k t o pc o mput e rope r a t i n gs y s t e msanda pp l i c a t i onsa sSLSma deahe r oi c e ffo r tt or e c o v e rf r omt heat t ac ko ft h ep r e v i ousday . 1 . Doy out h i nkt hi se v e n twasc au s e db ya ni ns i de ro ro ut s i de r ?Whydoy o ut h i n kt h i s ? 2 . Ot h e rt hani ns t al l i n gv i r usa ndwo r mc ont r ols of t war e ,whatc a nSLSd ot ob er e a dyf o rt h e n e x ti nc i d e nt ? 3 . Doy out h i nkt hi sa t t ac kwast her e s u l to fav i r us , orawor m?Whydoy out h i nkt hi s ? I nmyo pi ni o n,It h i nkt h a tt h ea t t a c kwa se xt e r na l ,b e c a u s et hes y s t e ma t t a c k e dt h ee nt i r et e a m, wi t h oute x c e p t i on .Thea t t a c kwa spr o duc e db ya ne ma i l ,a s s umi n gt h a tt h ea t t a c k e rg a i n e da c c e s s t ot h el i s tofe ma i l sa ndi twa st h e r et ha thei n j e c t e dt h ev i r u s . Thei ns t a l l a t i o no fa na nt i v i r u sc a nh e l p,b utIb e l i e v et h a tt h es e c ur i t ys y s t e ma ndda t aa c c e s s s ho ul dbeab i tmo r er i g o r ou sa n dn o ts oa c c e s s i bl et ot h ewho l et e a m. Thea t t a c kwa spr o duc e db yawor m,whi c hh a da c c e s st oe ma i l s .

Chapter 2 Re vi e wQue s t i o ns 1 . Wh yi si nf or ma t i ons e c u r i t yaman a g e me ntpr obl e m?Wha tc a nmana g e me n td ot hatt e c hnol o g yc a nn ot ? Ma n a g e me nti sr e s po ns i bl ef orpr o vi d i n gt h en e c e s s a r yi n f or ma t i o ni no r d e rt op r o t e c t t hei nf o r ma t i on .Te c h nol o gya l on ec a n no tc r e a t eas o l ut i on,i ft h ea dmi ni s t r a t i ondoe sno t p r o vi det h ei n f or ma t i on 2 .Wh yi sd at at hemos ti mp or t antas s e tano r g an i z at i onpo s s e s s e s ?Whatot h e ras s e t si nt heor g a ni z at i onr e qu i r ep r ot e c t i on? Theda t aofa no r g a ni z a t i o ni st h ev i t a lp a r toft h ee nt i t y .The s er e pr e s e ntt h er e c o r dso f t r a n s a c t i o nsa n dt h ea bi l i t yo ft h eo r g a ni z a t i o nt op r o vi d ev a l u et oi t sc u s t o me r s ,t h eo r g a n i z a t i o nc ou l dn o tc a r r yo utda i l ywor k ,wi t h outt h e s eda t a .Th eo r g a ni z a t i o nt oope r a t e a n dt h es a f eop e r a t i o no fa ppl i c a t i on s ,t e c hno l o gi c a la s s e t sa ndpe o pl ea r eot he re l e me n t s t ha tr e q u i r ep r o t e c t i on. 3 .I ti si mp or t a ntt opr ot e c td at ai nmot i on( t r a ns mi s s i on)andd at aatr e s t( s t or a g e ) .I nwhat o t he rs t at emu s td at ab epr o t e c t e d ?I nwhi c ho ft h et hr e es t at e si sdat amos tdi ffic u l tt op r o t e c t ?

Theda t abe i n gp r o c e s s e di st h et h i r ds t a t eoft h ed a t a .Da t aont hemo v ei st hemo s td i ffic ul tt op r o t e c t ,be c a u s et hi s ,o nc edi s c o v e r e d ,c ou l da t t a c k.

4 .Ho wd o e sat hr e att oi n f o r mat i ons e c u r i t ydi ffe rf r o ma na t t ac k ?Ho wc a nt het woo v e r l ap? Thet hr e a ti sas y s t e mv ul ne r a b i l i t yt ha tc a nb ee xp l oi t e d,whi l et h ea t t a c ki st h ec on s e q u e nc eoft h et h r e a tt h a tc a u s e sd a ma g et ot h es y s t e m.The yo v e r l a pb e c a us eat h r e a t a g e n ta t t a c kst h es y s t e mu s i n gat h r e a t . 5 .Ho wc a ndua lc o nt r ol s ,s u c hast wope r s onc onfir mat i on ,r e du c et h et hr e at sf r oma c t so fhuma ne r r o ran df ai l ur e ?Wh ato t h e rc o nt r ol sc anr e duc et hi st h r e at ? Dua lc on t r o l sr e duc et hr e a t s ,a st h i sh e l p st oc o r r e c thuma no rma l i c i o use r r or .Th e s er e q u i r ev e r i fic a t i onb yot he rpe o pl e . Ot h e rme t hodsa r et ol i mi te mpl o y e ea c c e s st ot hes y s t e ma nda pp l i c a t i o ns ,ba c kups y s t e msa ndr e q u i r ea ppr o v a l ,be f o r ed e l e t i n gafil e . 6 .Wh yd oe mpl o y e e sc o ns t i t ut eoneoft heg r e a t e s tt h r e a t st oi n f o r mat i ons e c ur i t y ? Empl o y e e sha v edi r e c ta c c e s st oa l li n f or ma t i o n,t he s ec a nc a u s ei n t e n t i o na lo re r r o rd a ma g e . 7 .Wha tme as ur e sc a ni n d i v i d ua l st ak et op r o t e c ta g a i ns ts h oul d e rs u r fin g ? Ent e ra sf e wt i me sa sp os s i bl e .En t e rt h es y s t e m whe nn oonei sn e a rorpr e s e nt .Ve r i f y whoi sc l os et oy o uwhe na c c e s s i n gt h es y s t e m. 8 .Ho wh a st hepe r c e p t i onoft h ehac k e rc h an g e do v e rr e c e n ty e ar s ?Wh ati st hepr ofil eofa h ac k e rt o day ? Pr e vi ou s l yhewa sat e e n a g e rwi t hl i t t l es upe r vi s i onwh od i di tf orf u n.Tod a yt h e ya r e y ou n ga ndpr o f e s s i o na la dul t s . 9 .Wha ti st h ed i ffe r e n c eb e t we e nas k i l l e dhac k e randa nuns k i l l e dh a c k e r( o t h e rt ha nt h el ac ko f s k i l l ) ?Ho wd o e st hepr ot e c t i ona g a i ns te a c hd i ffe r ? Thee x pe r tha se xt e n s i v ek no wl e dg ef ors o f t wa r ede v e l opme n t ,vu l ne r a b i l i t ya mo n go t he r t hi n g s .Thei ne x pe r i e nc e du s e sa l r e a d ywr i t t e ns of t wa r e ,wi t hou tha v i n gt hea bi l i t yt o kno wwha tt he yd o . 1 0.Wh ata r et hev a r i o ust y p e so fmal war e ?Ho wd owo r msd i ffe rf r omv i r us e s ?DoT r o j anh o r s e s c ar r yv i r us e sorwo r ms ? Ty pe sofma l wa r ea r evi r u s e s ,wor ms ,Tr o j a n s ,l o gi cbomb sa n db a c k d oor s .Bot hwo r ms a n dvi r us e sr e p l i c a t ea n dc a nc a u s ed a ma g et oas y s t e m,bu two r msa r eu s ua l l yi n de p e nd e ntpr o g r a ms .ATr o j a nhor s ec a nc a r r yb o t h. 1 1.Wh ydoe sp ol y mor p hi s mc aus eg r e a t e rc o nc e r nt h a nt r adi t i ona lmal war e ?Ho wd o e si ta ffe c t d e t e c t i on ?

The s eh a v et h eq u a l i t yo fc h a n g i n go v e rt i mema ki n gi tmo r ed i ffic u l tt ode t e c t .Be c a us e t he yc h a n g e si t sa pp a r e n ts h a peo v e rt i me ,ma ki n gi tu nde t e c t a b l eb yt e c hni q ue st h a tl o o k f orp r e c onfig ur e ds i g na t ur e s .

1 2.Wh ati st hemos tc ommo nf o r mofv i o l at i ono fi nt e l l e c t ua lpr ope r t y ?Ho wd o e sanor g an i z at i onp r ot e c ta g ai n s ti t ?Whata g e n c i e sfi g h ti t ? Sof t wa r ePi r a c y .So f t wa r el i c e n c i n ghe l pst ofightt hi s .So f t wa r ei nf or ma t i o ni n dus t r ya s s o c i a t i o n( SI I A)a ndBus i ne s sSo f t wa r eAl l i a n c e( BSA)b o t hfighta g a i ns tI PVi o l a t i o ns . 1 3.Wh ata r et hev a r i o ust y p e so ff or c ema j e ur e ?Whi c ht y pemi g htb eofg r e at e s tc o nc e r nt oa n o r g a ni z at i oni nLa sVe g a s ?Ok l ah omaCi t y ?Mi a mi ?LosAn g e l e s ? For c eMa j e ur e=For c eo fNa t u r e , noonec a ns t o pt h i sa c t i o n. 1 4.Ho wdoe st e c hno l o gi c alob s ol e s c e nc ec ons t i t ut eat hr e a tt oi nf o r ma t i ons e c u r i t y ?Ho wc a n a no r g a ni z a t i o np r o t e c ta g a i ns ti t ? St a t eoft h eo r g a ni z a t i o nt h a tha sa nout da t e di n f r a s t r u c t ur eor o ut da t e da nd,t h e r e f or e ,c a nl e a dt ounr e l i a b l ea ndu n r e l i a bl es y s t e ms .The s es y s t e ms s h oul dbepl a n ne da ndupd a t e da ss oona spo s s i bl e . 1 5.Wh ati st hedi ffe r e n c eb e t we e na ne x p l oi ta n dv u l ne r abi l i t y ? Thedi ffe r e n c ei st ha tvul ne r a b i l i t yi st h ea c c e s st h a ti sd i s c o v e r e da ndt hee xpl o i ts e i z e s t hi so p por t uni t yf o rc ons t a n ta c c e s s . 1 6.Wh ata r et het y pe so fp as s wo r da t t ac k s ?Whatc anas y s t e msadmi n i s t r a t ordot op r o t e c t a g a i ns tt he m? Cr a c ki n g ,b r ut ef or c ea ndd i c t i o na r ya t t a c ksa r et h et h r e et y pe sofpa s s wo r da t t a c ks .Th e t hr e a tc a nb emi ni mi z e db yl i mi t i n gt h en umbe rofp a s s wor da t t e mp t s , r e q ue s t i n gamo r e r o bu s tp a s s wor db ya dd i n gc ompl e xe l e me n t so rs pe c i a lc ha r a c t e r s ,a n dfina l l yd i s c a r d i n g t hedi c t i o na r ywor d si np a s s wor d s . 1 7.Wh ati st hedi ffe r e n c eb e t we e nad e n i al o f s e r v i c eat t ac ka ndad i s t r i but e dde n i al of s e r v i c e a t t a c k ?Whi c hi spo t e n t i a l l ymor edan g e r ousa ndd e v as t at i n g ?Why ? DOSa t t a c k sa r eas i n g l eu s e rt h a ts e nd sal a r g en umbe rofc o nne c t i o nsi na na t t e mp tt o o v e r wh e l m at a r g e ts e r v e r .DDOSi swh e nma n yu s e r s( orma n yc ompi l e ds y s t e ms )s i mul t a ne o us l yp e r f or m aDOSa t t a c k.DDOSi smor ed a n g e r o usb e c a us e ,u nl i k eaDOS, t he r ei sno tas i n g l eu s e rt h a tc a nbl oc k,t h e r ei snoe a s ywa yt oo v e r c omei t . 1 8.Foras n i ffe rat t ac kt os u c c e e d,wh atmus tt h eat t ac k e rd o?Ho wc a nanat t ac k e rg a i na c c e s s t oan e t wo r kt ous et h es ni ffe rs y s t e m? Yo umu s th a v ea c c e s st ot h en e t wor kt oi ns t a l lt h es ni ffe r .Soc i a le n g i ne e r i n gi sus e dt o a c c e s st hepl a c e ,onc et h e r e ,t h es ni ffe ri sph y s i c a l l yi n s t a l l e d .

1 9.Wh ata r es o meway sas oc i ale n gi ne e r i n gh ac k e rc a nat t e mptt og a i ni n f o r ma t i onabo uta u s e r ’ sl o gi nandpas s wo r d?Ho wwo ul dt h i st y peofa t t ac kd i ffe ri fi twe r et a r g e t e dt o war d sa n a dmi n i s t r at o r ’ sa s s i s t antv e r s usad at a e nt r yc l e r k ? Yo uj u s tha v et oi mpe r s ona t es ome on ee l s e ,t oa c c e s st h eb ui l d i n g .Ad a t ae nt r yma ybe e a s i e rt oi n flu e nc et ha nas e n i ore x e c u t i v eo fac o mp a n y .

2 0.Wh ati sabuffe ro v e r flo w,a ndho wi si tus e da g ai ns taWe bs e r v e r ? Ab uffe ro v e r flo wo c c ur swhe ny ous e n dal a r g ea mo unto fda t a ,mor et ha nt h es y s t e m c a nha n dl e .Th i sg e ne r a l l yc a u s e st h en o nbuffe ra pp l i c a t i o nme mor yt ob eo v e r wr i t t e n. Bu ffe ro v e r flo wonawe bs e r v e rc a na l l o wa na t t a c k e rt oma k eu n wa n t e dc h a n g e st ot h e c ode . Ex e r c i s e s 1 . Con s i d e rt h es t at e me nt :ani ndi v i du alt h r e a ta g e n t ,l i k eahac k e r ,c a nb er e p r e s e n t e di nmor e t h anonet hr e atc a t e g or y .I fah a c k e rha c k si nt oan e t wo r k ,c o pi e saf e wfi l e s ,d e f a c e st h eWe b p a g e ,an ds t e a l sc r e di tc a r dnumb e r s ,h o wman yd i ffe r e n tt h r e a tc a t e g or i e sd o e st hi sat t ac k c o v e r ? •De l i b e r a t ea c t sa r et h ema i nt h r e a tc a t e g o r yf ort h i st y peofa t t a c kbe c a us et h eh a c k e ri s d e l i b e r a t e l yt r yi n gt oc a u s ed a ma g e .Th ed i ffe r e nts ub c a t e ...