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Q.N.1 What is the importance of the Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software? Solution:

The principle of equivalence of hardware and software states that “An yt a s kd o neb ys o f t wa r ec a na l s ob ed o n eu s i n gh a r d wa r e , a n da n yop e r a t i o n p e r f o r me dd i r e c t l yb yh a r d wa r ec a nb ed o n eu s i n gs of t wa r ea s s u mi n gs p e e di sno ta c o n c e r n.” It says that the hardware and software are almost equivalent. Anything done by software can also be implemented by using hardware and anything done via hardware can also be simulated or done thorugh the softwares. The importance of Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software are as follows: i.

It helps in system designing and implementation especially computers. Computers generally comprises of two elements i.e, software and hardware where hardware considered as body and software as the soul. So, The principle give the proper guidance in implementation of designing and development of system especially computers.

ii.

It helps to minimize a lot of factors such as cost, size, processing and functionality to mix and match up the hardware and software to devise a yielding device.

iii.

It helps to keep a perfect combination of hardware and software so that the resulting computer or device can function at its best performance including reasonable cost and size.

iv.

It gives designing a flexible way to combine the hardware and software keeping the fruitful aspects of both without altering cost, size , performance and option of change where technology are changing rapidly.Sometimes a hefty and troublesome codes that can cause delay can be replaced with hardware and hardware portion that are quite huge and impacting the system performance can be interchanged vice-versa.

v.

The principle also explains the evolution of software where why to invest so much in softwares when everything can be done using hardware. Well, the simple answer is that hardwares are more costly and tedious to replace where it can be simply achieved by the means of software.

Q.N.2 What is the stored program architecture of a computer? Describe with an example.

Solution: The stored program architecture of a computer is a basic architecture where the computer operates by executing the commands and instruction stored in the memory.i.e, a set of stored instruction which enables the performance of the computer. The performance of the computer is dependent upon the stored programs. It also eradicated the tedious job to rewire the all algorithm to function a computer by wires and use of hardware. Using the concept of stored program concept, famous Hungarian John Von Neumann proposed a concept or architechture known as von Neumann architechture

which simply uses memory to fetch instruction. The figure below shows a general diagram of von Neumann architechture.

Fig. Von Neumann Architechture

The von Neumann architechture consist of three major units: 1. Central Processing Unit(CPU) including Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit, Program Counter, etc 2. Input/Output System 3. Main Memory

The von Neumann architechture works by using fetch-decode cycle to execute a program as follows: 1. The instruction to be processed is fetched by control unit by using the reference in program counter. 2. After that, the decoding of the instruction or codes are performed to the level that ALU understands. 3. At this steps a task of fetching the datas or any operands required are performed by memory to the register. 4. The instruction is executed and the obtained data are placed in the memory. The ideas in von Neumann ideas has been further improvised by integrating it with system bus where control bus carry the required control signal, data bus responsible for moving data from memory to register and address bus containing the address of the data to be processed respectively.

REFERENCES: 1. http://tjliu.myweb.hinet.net/COA_CH_1.htm 2. https://seeteri.wordpress.com/computing/9-questions/...