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FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR Third Edition WORKBOOK Betty Schrampfer Azar • longman.com with Stacy Hagen Fundamentals of English Grammar, Third Edition Workbook Copyright © 2003, 1992, 1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a r...

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR Third Edition

WORKBOOK

•

longman.com

Betty Schrampfer Azar with

Stacy Hagen

Fundamentals of English Grammar, Third Edition Workbook Copyright © 2003, 1992, 1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Azar Associates Shelley Hartle, Editor Susan Van Etten, Manager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Vice president of instructional design: Allen Ascher Editorial manager: Pam Fishman Project manager: Margo Grant Development editor: Janet Johnston Vice president, director of design and production: Rhea Banker Director of electronic production: Aliza Greenblatt Executive managing editor: Linda Moser Production manager: Ray Keating Production editor: Robert Ruvo Director of manufacturing: Patrice Fraccio Senior manufacturing buyer: Edie Pullman Cover design: Monika Popowitz Illustrations: Don Martinetti Text composition: Carlisle Communications, Ltd. Text font: 10.5/12 Plantin ISBN: 0-13-013633-6 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 5 6 7 8 9 lo-CRK--06 05

Янко Слава (Библиотека Fort/Da) || http://yanko.lib.ru

Preface Chapter 1

xv PRESENT TIME PRACTICES 1. Interview questions and answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Present verbs 2 3. Forms of the simple present 2 4. Forms of the present progressive 3 5. Present verbs: questions 3 6. Present verbs: questions 4 7. Simple present 4 8. Simple present and present progressive 5 9. Simple present 5 10. Simple present and present progressive 6 11. Frequency adverbs 7 12. Frequency adverbs 7 13. Frequency adverbs 8 14. Frequency adverbs 8 15. Frequency adverbs 9 16. Simple present: final -st-es 10 17. Simple present: final -sl-es 11 18. Pronunciation: final-s/-es 11 19. Pronunciation: final-s/-es 12 20. Spelling: final -s/-es 12 21. Non-action verbs 12 22. Simple present and present progressive 13 23. Simple present and present progressive 14 24. Error analysis 15 25. Present verbs: questions and short answers 15 26. Review: present verbs 16

Chapter 2

PAST TIME 1. Simple past 2. Simple past: regular and irregular verbs 3. Simple past forms

18 19 19

iii

PRACTICES 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Chapter 3

Present and past negatives Simple past: questions Simple past: questions Simple past: regular and irregular verbs Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Spelling and pronunciation of -ed endings Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Spelling of -ing and -ed forms Spelling of -ing Spelling of -ing and -ed Spelling of -ing Spelling of irregular verbs Irregular verbs Irregular verbs Review: past questions and negatives Simple present and past: questions Review: simple present, present progressive, simple past forms Simple present and simple past Past progressive Past progressive Past progressive vs. simple past Past time using time clauses Past verbs Past habit with used to Error analysis Past verbs

FUTURE TIME 1. Present, past, and future 2. Will and be going to 3. Be going to 4. Will 5. Questions with will and be going to 6. Will 7. Will probably 8. Will probably 9. Sureness about the future 10. Sureness about the future 11. Will 12. Be going to vs, will 13. Be going to vs. will 14. Past and future time clauses 15. Future time clauses 16. .(f--clauses 17. Time clauses and if-clauses 18. Review: past and future

iv CONTENTS

20 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 34 34 35 36 37 39 40 41

:

43 44 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 50 52 52 53 54 54

PRACTICES 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Chapter 4

56 56 58 59 59 60 61

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Chapter 5

Using be going to and the present progressive to express future time Using the present progressive to express future time Using the simple present to express future time Using be about to Parallel verbs Error analysis Verb tense review

Forms of the present perfect The present perfect Review: irregular verbs The present perfect The present perfect vs. the simple past Review: irregular verbs The present perfect vs. the simple past Review: irregular verbs Since vs.for Present perfect with since andfor Present perfect and simple past with time words Since-clauses The present perfect progressive The present perfect progressive Already, still, yet, anymore Already, still, yet, anymore Verb tense review The present perfect vs. the past perfect The past progressive vs. the past perfect The past perfect Verb tense review Error analysis

64 65 66 67 68 68 70 71

'.,

73

74 74 75 75 76 77

78 79 80 81 82 83 84

ASKING QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Preview: asking questions Yes/no questions Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no and information questions Information questions Information questions Information questions with why Who, oshotrn), and what Who, ushotrn), and what Asking for the meaning of a word What + a form of do

85 86 87 88 89 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95

Contents v

PRACTICES 14. lJ'hat kind of 15. lJ'hich vs. what 16. lJ'ho vs. whose 17. lJ'ho vs. whose 18. Using how 19. Using hous far, how long, and how often 20. Cumulative review 21. Cumulative review 22. Tag questions 23. Tag questions 24. Error analysis 25. Review: questions

Chapter 6

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

vi CONTENTS

96 97 98 99 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

Preview: plural nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Pronunciation of -sl-es 108 Pronunciation of -s/-es 108 Pronunciation of -sl-es 109 Plural nouns 109 Plural nouns 110 Subjects, verbs, and objects 111 Objects of prepositions 111 Subjects, verbs, objects, and prepositions 112 Prepositions of time 112 Word order: object, place, and time 113 Subject-verb agreement 114 Subject-verb agreement 114 Adjectives 114 Adjectives and nouns 115 Nouns as adjectives 116 Review: nouns 117 Personal pronouns 118 Personal pronouns 118 Personal pronouns 119 Possessive nouns 120 Possessive nouns 120 Possessive pronouns vs. possessive adjectives 122 Possessive pronouns vs. possessive adjectives ' 122 Reflexive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Reflexive pronouns 124 Review: pronouns 125 Review: pronouns 125 Singular forms of other 126 Singular forms of other 127 Plural forms of other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Summary: forms of other 129 Cumulative review 130 Cumulative review 130

Chapter 7

MODAL AUXILIARIES PRACTICES 1. Preview: modal auxiliaries 132 133 2. The form of modal auxiliaries 3. Expressing ability 134 134 4. Expressing ability and possibility 5. Expressing possibility 135 135 6. Expressing possibility and permission 7. Meanings of could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8. Polite questions 137 9. Polite questions 137 10. Expressing advice 138 11. Expressing advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 12. Expressing advice 139 13. Expressing necessity 140 14. Expressing necessity 140 141 15. Necessity: must, have to, have got to 141 16. Necessity: must, have to, have got to 17. Expressing lack of necessity and prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 143 18. Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition 19. Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 20. Logical conclusion or necessity 144 21. Imperative sentences 144 145 22. Polite questions and imperatives 23. Let's and why don't 145 24. Stating preferences 146 25. Stating preferences 147 26. Cumulative review 148 27. Cumulative review 149 28. Cumulative review 150

Chapter 8

CONNECTING IDEAS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Connecting ideas with and Punctuating items connected with and Punctuating sentences Punctuating sentences Using and, but, and or Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using auxiliary verbs after but and and Auxiliary verbs after but and and Using too, so, either, or neither after and Adverb clauses with because Adverb clauses with because Adverb clauses with because

152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 160 161 161 161

Contents vii

PRACTICES 17. Adverb clauses with because 18. Adverb clauses with even though and although 19. Using because and even though 20. Adverb clauses with because 21. Using even though / although and because 22. Error analysis

Chapter 9

162 163 164 165 166 168

COMPARISONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

As as 169 As as 169 As as 170 As as 172 As as 172 Comparative and superlative forms 174 Comparative forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Comparatives 175 Comparatives and superlatives 176 Farther and further 176 Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative 177 Completing a comparative 177 Completing comparisons with pronouns 178 179 Ji?ry vs. a lot / much / far Not as as and less than 179 Unclear comparisons 180 Using more with nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Repeating a comparative 181 Double comparatives 181 Double comparatives 182 Using superlatives 183 Using superlatives 183 As as, morel-er, and rnostl-est 184 Using never with comparatives 186 Using ever and never in comparisons .' 186 Review of comparatives and superlatives 187 Review of comparatives and superlatives 188 Like, alike 189 The same as, similar to, different from 190 Like, alike, similar (to), different (from) 190 The same, similar, different, like, alike 191 Error analysis 192

Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

viii CONTENTS

Active vs. passive 193 Active vs. passive 193 Review of past participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Passive form 194 Passive vs, active meaning 195

PRACTICES 6. Tense forms of the passive 196 7. Passive to active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8. Passive to active 197 9. Transitive vs. intransitive 198 10. Active and passive 198 11. Review: identifying passives with transitive and intransitive verbs 199 12. The by-phrase 199 13. The by-phrase 200 14. Active to passive 200 15. Review: active vs. passive 201 16. Progressive tenses in passive 201 17. Passive forms of progressive verbs 202 18. Passive forms of progressive verbs 203 19. Review: active vs. passive 203 20. Passive modals 204 21. Passive modals 204 22. Passive modals 205 23. Summary: active vs. passive 205 24. Summary: active vs, passive 206 25. Summary: active vs. passive 207 26. Using past participles as adjectives 207 27. Using past participles as adjectives 208 28. -Ed vs. -ing 209 29. -Ed vs. -ing 209 , 211 30. -Edvs. -ing 211 31. -Edvs. -ing 32. Get + adjective and past participle 212 33. Get + adjective and past participle 213 34. Be used / accustomed to 214 35. Used to vs, be used to 214 36. Used to vs. be used to 215 37. Be supposed to 215 38. Be supposed to 216 39. Error analysis 217 Chapter 11

COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

A vs. an: singular count nouns Preview: count and noncount nouns Count and noncount nouns Count and noncount nouns Countandnoncountnouns Count and noncount nouns Many vs. much How many and how much Review: count and noncount nouns A few vs. a little Error analysis Count and noncount nouns

218 218 219 220 220 221 222 223 224 224 225 225

Contents ix

PRACTICES 13. Units of measure with noncount nouns 14. Units of measure with noncount nouns 15. Much vs. Inany 16. A/an vs. some 17. A vs. some 18. A/an vs. the: singular count nouns 19. 0 vs. the 20. Using the for second mention 21. Using the for second mention 22. Summary: a/an vs. the vs. 0 23. Using the or 0 with names 24. Using the or 0 with names 25. Capitalization 26. Capitalization 27. Error analysis

226 227 227 228 228 229 230 231 233 234 236 237 238 238 239

Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Using who in adjective clauses Using who in adjective clauses Using who and ushorn in adjective clauses Using who and ushorn in adjective clauses Using who and oshotrn) in adjective clauses Using that or 0 in adjective clauses Using that or 0 in adjective clauses Using who, ushotrn), that, or 0 in adjective clauses Who and ushotrn) vs. which Adjective clauses Which and that Using which, that, and 0 in adjective clauses Error analysis: object pronouns in adjective clauses Pronoun usage in adjective clauses Subject-verb agreement in adjective clauses Prepositions in adjective clauses Prepositions in adjective clauses Prepositions in adjective clauses Adjective clauses with whose Adjective clauses with whose Meaning of adjective clauses Adjective clauses Adjective clauses Error analysis

:

240 241 241 242 242 243 243 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 249 250 250 251 251 252 253 253 254

Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 1. Verb + gerund 2. Go + gerund 3. Identifying gerunds and infinitives

X

CONTENTS

256 256 257

PRACTICES 4. Gerunds and infinitives 5. Verb + gerund vs. infinitive 6. Verb + gerund or infinitive 7. Verb + gerund or infinitive 8. Preposition + gerund 9. Preposition + gerund 10. Review: gerund vs. infinitive 11. Review: gerund vs. infinitive 12. Review: gerund vs. infinitive 13. By + gerund 14. By + gerund 15. By vs. with 16. Gerund as subject; it + infinitive 17. Purpose: to vs.for 18. Purpose: to vs.for 19. Purpose: to vs.for 20. (In order) to 21. Too vs. enough 22. Too vs. enough 23. Gerund vs. infinitive 24. Gerund vs. infinitive 25. Error analysis

258 258 260 261 262 263 264 265 265 267 268 268 269 270 271 271 271 272 273 273 274 276

Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Information questions and noun clauses Noun clauses Information questions and noun clauses Information questions and noun clauses Noun clauses Information questions and noun clauses Noun clauses with who, what, whose + Noun clauses with who, what, whose + Noun clauses with who, what, whose + Noun clauses with who, what, whose + Noun clauses and yes/no questions Noun clauses and yes/no questions Noun clauses Noun clauses That-clauses That-clauses That-clauses That-clauses That-clauses Quoted speech Quoted speech Quoted speech Quoted speech

be be be be

278 278 279 279 281 281 282 282 283 283 284 285 285 286 287 288 289 290 290 291 291 292 293

Contents xi

PRACTICES 24. Reported speech: changing pronouns 25. Reported speech: changing verbs 26. Reported speech 27. Reporting questions 28. Quotingquestions 29. Reporting questions 30. Reported speech 31. Say vs. tell vs. ask 32. Reported speech 33. Reported speech 34. Reported speech 35. Reported speech 36. Error analysis

293 294 295 296 296 297 298 299 299 300 300 302 303

Appendix 1 PHRASAL VERBS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Phrasal verbs: separable (Group A) Phrasal verbs: separable (Group A) Phrasal verbs: nonseparable (Group B) Phrasal verbs: nonseparable (Group B) Phrasal verbs: separable (Group C) Phrasal verbs: separable (Groups A, B, C) Phrasal verbs: separable (Group D) Phrasal verbs: separable and nonseparable (Groups A, B, C, D) Phrasal verbs: separable (Group E) Phrasal verbs: separable (Group E) Phrasal verbs: intransitive (Group F) Phrasal verbs: intransitive (Group F) Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group G) Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group G) Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group H) '," Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group H) Review: phrasal verbs (Appendix 1)

305 306 307 308 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 316 316 317 317 318 319

Appendix 2 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

xii CONTENTS

Preposition combinations (Group A) Preposition combinations (Group A) Preposition combinations (Group B) Preposition combinations (Group B) Preposition combinations (Group C) Review: preposition combinations (Groups A and C) Preposition combinations (Group D) Preposition combinations (Groups B and D) Preposition combinations (Group E) Preposition combinations (Group E) Preposition combinations (Group F) Preposition combinations (Group F)

321 322 322 323 323 324 325 326 326 327 327 328

PRACTICES 13. Preposition combinations (Group G) 14. Preposition combinations (Group G) 15. Review: preposition combinations (Appendix 2) 16. Review: preposition combinations (Appendix 2)

INDEX ANSWER KEY

329 330 331 331

INDEX

1

ANSWER KEY

1

Contents xiii

Янко Слава (Библиотека Fort/Da) || http://yanko.lib.ru

Preface

This ESL/EFL Wbrkbook is a place for students to explore and practice English grammar on their own. It is a place where they can test and fine-tune their understandings of English structures and improve their abilities to use English meaningfully and correctly. It is keyed to the explanatory grammar charts found in Fundamentals of English Grammar, Third Edition, a classroom teaching text for students of English as a second or foreign language, as well as in the accompanying Chartbook, a reference grammar with no exercises. The Wbrkbook is designed not only for students who desire the opportunity for independent study of English grammar but also as a resource for teachers who need exercise material for additional classwork, homework, testing, or individualized instruction. The answers to ALL of the practices are given in the back of the book in an Answer Key. The Answer Key is on perforated pages so that it can be detached to construct a separate booklet. If teachers desire to use the Wbrkbook as a classroom teaching text, the Answer Key can be removed at the beginning of the term. A note on changes from the previous edition: The Wbrkbook that accompanied the previous edition of Fundamentals of English Grammar had both self-study (answers given) and guided study (no answers given) practices. This Wbrkbook has only self-study practices. The guided study practices that involved communicative, interactive, and/or task-based activities are now in the main teaching t...