Basic Concepts of Gross Anatomy PDF

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Basic Concepts of Gross Anatomy...

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Basic Concepts of Anatomy The Anatomical Position  Face Forward  Stand Up Straight  Limbs Straight  Palms facing forward  Toes Forward Supine Position--> On Back (Supine on Spine) Prone Position--> On Front (Used to treat COVID-19 patients) Anatomical Planes  Sagittal Plane--> Divides into right and left parts  Coronal Plane--> Divides body into front and back (anterior and posterial) parts  Transverse Plane--> Divides body into upper and lower (superior and inferior) parts.  Oblique Plane--> At an angle, not parallel to these planes  Mid-sagittal/median plane--> A sagittal plane in the middle  Parasagittal/ paramedian plane--> Sagittal sections parallel to the median plane (para--> beside)  CT and MRI often viewed in transverse plane and are always orientated as if standing at the patent's feet. Terms of Relationship  Proximal--> Nearer trunk  Distal--> further from trunk  Median--> In the Midline or median plane  Medial--> nearer median plane  Lateral--> further from median plane.  Superior--> Higher  Inferior--> Lower  Anterior--> Front  Posterior--> Back  Superficial--> Nearer body surface  Deep--> Further from body surface  Palm of hand also called Volar Surface  Back of hand or foot called Dorsum  Sole of foot also called Plantar Surface  Number digits from midline, so little finger is 5, thumb is 1  Unilateral--> On one side only, R or L  Bilateral--> Paired on R and L  Ipsilateral--> Same Side  Contralateral--> Opposite Sides Terms of relationship used in embryology and neuroanatomy  Cranial/cephalic --> Superior (towards the head)  Caudal --> Inferior (tail)  Rostral--> towards the front of the face  Dorsum--> Posterial surface of the embryo, spinal cord, brainstem, hand or used to describe the superior surface of anteriorly protruding parts such as tongue, nose, penis etc.  Ventrum/ventral--> anterior surface of embryo, spinal cord, brain stem, hand or inferior surface of tongue

Vertical Anatomical Lines  Midsternal/anterior median line--> in median plane  Parasternal line--> next to the sternum, midway between lateral border of sternum and midclavicular line.  Midclavicular line--> Transects midpoint of clavicle  Midvertebral/Posterior Median Line--> Midline down the back  Paravertebral/paraspinal line--> Runs through the tips of the transverse processes of the vertebrae  Scapular line--> Passes through the inferior angle (tip) of the scapula  Anterior axillary line--> Between Midclavicular line and a line transecting the lateral end of the clavicle. It runs along the anterior axillary fold which overlies the lateral border of the pectoralis major  Posterior axillary line--> It runs along the posterior axillary fold which overlies the lateral border of latissimus dorsi.  Midaxillary Line--> through the middle of the axilla (armpit) in the middle of the anterior and posterior axillary lines. Movements  Abduction--> Moving Away from the median plane  Adduction--> Moving Towards the median plane  Hands and feet have own median line down the middle  Flexion--> Movement in a sagittal plane, usually anteriorly which decreases the angle of the joint, with the exception of the knee.  Extension--> movement in a sagittal plane, usually posteriorly, which increases the angle at a joint.  Circumduction--> Tracing a circle with hand/foot etc, involving a cycle of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction  Lateral flexion--> Side bending of the neck or trunk  Ulnar and Radial deviation--> Used to refer to adduction and abduction of the wrist  Medial/Internal Rotation--> Rotating towards the Midline  Lateral/External Rotation--> Rotating away from the midline  Pronation--> Rotating so palm is facing down  Supination--> (supine bowl of soup), Rotating so palm is facing up  Elevation--> Moving a body part superiorly (up)  Depression--> Moving a body part inferiorly (down)  Protrusion--> Moving a body part anteriorly (forward)  Retrusion/ Retraction--> Moving a body part posteriorly (backwards)  Dorsiflexion--> Moving foot superiorly at ankle  Plantarflexion--> Move foot inferiorly at ankle  Inversion--> Moving foot so sole points inwards  Eversion--> Moving foot so sole points outwards...