Basic Concepts of Kinematics- 1 11 PDF

Preview

Summary

Dr. Turner...

Description

KNES 2298 1/11 Chapter 1- Basic Concepts of Kinematics Kinesiology Terminology  Kinetics: forces  Kinematics: motion  Type  Direction  Quantity  Osteokinematics (bone motion) vs. Arthrokinematics (joint motion)  How they contribute to motion is different  Planes of Motion and Axes of Motion  Human body moves in 3 planes of motion  (Cardinal Planes)  Rotate around 3 axes  X, Y, Z (Figure 1.3 in text)  ** always referred to when the body is standing in anatomical position Planes of Movement: separate body in equal and proportional halves  Frontal (Coronal): xy plane--- front from back  Sagittal (Median): yz plane--- left and right  Horizontal (Transverse): xz----top and bottom ***Motion occurs only in these 3 halves- meet at 1 spot (near bellybutton) to keep center of gravity pathway as central as possible Planes and Axes  All three met=center of gravity  As body moves so does center of gravity  There are 3 axes, rotation occurs in a plane about the axis that is perpendicular to the plane  Move elbow- moving in a plane but motion is at axis  Through each plane we can only have a specific motion- motions that happen in transverse plane cannot happen in frontal plane Plane Axis Movement Sagittal Medial-lateral axis Flexion and extension Frontal Anterior-Posterior axis Abduction and adduction Horizontal Superior-inferior Rotation **injury occurs in specific planes **What motions occur at joints, what planes do they occur in?? Kinesiology Terminology  Naming of joints  Figure 1.4 (pg 7-8)- KNOW ALL****  Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion, Abduction, Adduction, Deviation, Lateral flexion, Rotation (internal, external), Pronation, Supination, Inversion, Eversion, Retraction, Protraction

KNES 2298 1/11 Osteokinematics  What we see when someone moves  Produced by muscles  Occur in one plane of the body and around their corresponding axis  Examples: bend over and touch toes, extend/flex arm (measurable and quantifiable- trunk rotation for bending) Types of Osteokinematic Motion  Translatory motion (linear): least common  Along or parallel an axis  Travel same distance, same direction, same velocity (elevator in shaft)  Examples: carpal bones in wrist (8)  Curvilinear: same requirements as translatory, but curved  Object travels on curved path  Examples: toss a ball  Rotary Motion (angular)  In a circle around an axis  Different velocities: muscle functions differently at different angles  Joint motions occur around an axis and are rotary  Examples: Figure 1.5 in text, elbow Degrees of Freedom  This is the ability of the body to transform joint angular or rotary motion into translatory motion  Gait is translatory  Most functional activities fall into a translatory category  # of planes within each joint and them movement that occurs: degree of freedom  Maximum of 3 degree of freedom (DOF)  Because there are 3 axes Measuring Motion  Goniometry: way to objectively quantify motion  Active or passive (either patient does the motion, or you do the motion)  You have more ROM passively  Different joints have different end feel (hard, firm, soft, empty)  Don’t need to know detail from textbook  Bilateral comparison: right to left  Table 1-2 for normal motion- not testable for exam  Practice points on page 13, 14, 15 Kinematic Chains  Combination of several joints working together  Open kinematic chain (OKC)  Distal segment moves in space- not fixed (bend and straighten arm)  One joint, one muscle

KNES 2298 1/11  Closed kinematic chain (CKC)  Distal segment is fixed; proximal parts move (squat or pushup)  Joints are moving through motion, but distal parts are fixed  Multiple joints, multiple muscles (squat- quads, hamstrings, glutes)- more functional Arthrokinematics  How the (at least) 2 articulating joint surfaces move on each other  Three major forms: (Table 1-1)  Synarthrodial (2 types): little to no motion  Amphiarthrodial (3 types): little motion  Diarthrodial (6 types): little motion to lots of motion (most common) Synarthrodial Joints  Immovable/Slight movement joints which lack an articular cavity (no DOF)  Fibrous structure  Suture: no movement  Syndesmosis (very slight- involuntary): 2 of them- radius-ulna, tibia-fibula Amphiarthrodial Joints  Limited movable joints which lack an articular cavity  No DOF- not moving around an axis  Cartilaginous joints- all involuntary  Symphysis pubis- piece of cartilage between right and left pubic bone  Intervertebral discs  1st Sternocostal joint- between sternum and first rib Diarthrodial Joints  Joints which are freely movable and are contained in an articular cavity  Classified according to number of planes of movement which are available (DOF)  Same basic structure in each:  Joint capsule  Synovial membrane  Synovial fluid: if you’re immobilized, joint stops secreting synovial fluid and so when you become mobile again, you have lost ROM  Ligaments: protective  Cartilage (fibrous, hyaline, elastic)  Bursae  4 categories of diarthrodial joints  Nonaxial: 0 DOF  Uniaxial: 1 DOF  Biaxial: 2 DOF  Triaxial: 3 DOF Nonaxial  Gliding joints: aka “plane joints”  No axis of movement

KNES 2298 1/11  Movement is allowed in any direction- just not in any specific plane of motion  Intercarpal joints of the wrist  Tarsal bones in foot Uniaxial  Hinge joint (Ginglymus joint)  One axis of rotation allowing movement in one plane (1 DOF)  Elbow  Ankle- talocrural joint (dorsi-, plantarflexion)  Knee  Pivot/Screw Joint (Trochoid Joint)  Rotational movement- transverse plane  1 DOF  atlantoaxial joint- “no”  proximal radioulnar joint Biaxial  Two axes allowing movement in two perpendicular planes (2 DOF)  Ellipsoid Joint  Radiocarpal joint of wrist: flexion and extension, radial and ulnar deviation  Condyloidal joints  Movement in two planes without rotation  Wrist between radius and proximal carpals  Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the hand- sagittal and frontal plane  Saddle joint- depends on the textbook  Similar to ball and socket motion without slight rotation  Only in the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb Triaxial  Multiple axes allowing multiple planes of movement  3 DOF- sagittal, frontal, and transverse  Ball and socket joints  Hip  Glenohumeral- most motion Basic Arthrokinematic Motion  Osteokinematic bones rotating around each other (elbow flexion- humerus in relation to ulna)  When this happens, joint surfaces undergo simultaneous arthrokinematic motion  Rolling or rocking  Sliding or gliding  Spinning  Figure 1.11  So What?  In order to have large osteokinemetic motion (elbow flexion), small simultaneous arthrokinematic motion (accessory motions) MUST occur

KNES 2298 1/11 Arthrokinematic Motion  These accessory motions will be influenced by:  Joint structure  Closed pack vs. open pack joint positions  Closed pack- straight elbow/straight knee  Open pack- bent knee/bent elbow- joint is open  Take home message:  Motion is critical to function  Stretching does nothing to improve arthrokinematics  Without arthrokinematic motion, normal full osteokinematic motion is not possible  How does this come across in a clinical or real world example?...