BIO 116 117 118 Exam Review Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System PDF

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Review for Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System - Know the definitions of the following terms and word segments: Thromb- Blood clot. -osis- Denoting a process or condition. embol- Plug Angio- Relating to blood vessels. Ather- Fatty plaque Brady- Slow Tachy- Denoting fast, rapid. Syn- With; together. Papill- Nipple, optic disc. Systol- Contraction Diastol- Relaxed Leukocytosis- is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in the blood. Leukopenia- A low white blood cell count (leukopenia) is a decrease in disease-fighting cells (leukocytes) in your blood. Pancytopenia- Pancytopenia is a condition that occurs when a person has low counts for all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Septicemia- Septicemia is a serious bloodstream infection. It's also known as blood poisoning. Septicemia occurs when a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, such as the lungs or skin, enters the bloodstream. Diapedesis- the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation. Phleb- Vein Aneurysm- is a bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel in the brain. Infarction- Heart attack Prolapse- is a condition in which organs fall down or slip out of place. Ischemia- an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles. Atherosclerosis- refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls (plaque), which can restrict blood flow. Angina- a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart. Thrombin- an enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin. Plasmin- Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme a substance that causes breakdown of proteins derived from an inert plasma precursor known as plasminogen. - Know the pericardial layers of the heart.  Fibrous Pericardium  Visceral Pericardium  Parietal Pericardium - Know the layers of the heart wall.  Epicardium (visceral pericardium): o Outermost layer (thin).  Myocardium: o Middle layer (thick) cardiac muscle tissue.  Endocardium: o Innermost layer (thin) forms inner lining of all heart chambers. - What specific part of the heart produces the pumping action?

The lower chambers (left and right ventricles) specifically the myocardium and cardiac muscle cells - Know all the parts of the heart we discussed and what they do: chambers, valves, major blood vessels, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, skeleton, conduction system, etc. Heart Chambers: The upper chambers are the primer pumps and the lower chambers are the main pumps. Right atrium receives blood from the inferior and superior vena cava and coronary sinus. The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Heart Valves Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles through atrioventricular valves (tricuspid right and bicuspid/mitral left). Blood flows out of the heart through the semilunar valves (pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary arteries and aortic semilunar valve to the aorta). Valves prevent back flow. Major Blood Vessels: Arteries- carry blood aware from ventricle of the heart Arterioles- receive blood from arteries, carry blood to capillaries Capillaries- sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells Venules- receive blood from capillaries Veins- carry blood toward ventricle of the heart Papillary Muscles: Attach to chord tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves. Chordae Tendineae: They prevent the cusps of valves form bulging into the atria Skeleton of the Heart: Fibrous rings and dense connective tissue to which the heart valves are attached Conduction System of the Heart: Coordinates the contraction of the atria and ventricles through autorhythmicity wight he SA node (main pacemaker) and AV node (backup pacemaker). Conducting cells connect the SA and AV nodes, send electrical impulses through the Bundle of His (AV bundle), and form a network of conducting cells at the base of the heart called Purkinje fibers. - Coronary blood vessels are supplied from what vessel? Coronary arteries - Chamber of heart responsible for systemic systolic pressure? The left ventricle. It sends contracts and sends the blood from the heart to the rest of the body. - Chamber of heart responsible for pulmonary systolic pressure? The Right ventricle. It contracts and sends the blood from the heart to the lungs so be oxygenated. - Know the sequence of blood flow through the heart. See Chart. - Know the sequence of conduction system component firing in the heart. Single Apaches Just Attack Books (SA Node, Atrial Syncytium, Junctional Fibers, AV Node and Bundle, Bundle Branches) - What are the S1 and S2 heart sounds caused by? S1 is the first lubb sound created by AV valves closing during ventricular contraction. S2 is the second dupp sound created by semilunar valves closing during ventricular relaxation. - What is a murmur? A murmur is an abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve (swoosh sound). - Know the ECG. What do the waves in a normal ECG mean? Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG): The recording of electrical changes in the myocardium. o P wave: Atrial depolarization; occurs just prior to atrial contraction

o QRS complex (3 waves): Ventricular depolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular contraction o T wave: Ventricular repolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation - Know how to diagnose the types of abnormal ECGs we discussed. Ventricular fibrillation- rapid, uncoordinated depolarization pf ventricles Tachycardia- rapid heartbeat Atrial flutter- rapid rate of atrial depolarization - Know the 3 major intake vessels for the right atrium. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus. - Know the major layers of a blood vessel wall.  Tunica interna (intima): innermost layer  Tunica media: smooth muscle and elastic tissue  Tunica externa (adventitia): outer layer, connective tissue - What happens in capillaries? What is filtration? What are Starling's forces? As the blood moves through a capillary, nutrients, oxygen, and food leave the blood and enter the body cells. The blood also picks up wastes and carbon dioxide. Net filtration pressure calculated by subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure. The oncotic and hydrostatic pressures involved in the movement of fluids across the capillary membrane. - What are the "resistance" vessels? Arterioles that control the flow of blood through the capillary bed. - How is blood pressure regulated? Controlling cardiac output and peripheral resistance regulates blood pressure. - Be able to compute either cardiac output, heart rate, or stroke volume when given any 2. The total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute, or simply the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). - Where are the cardiac center and the vasomotor center? The medulla oblongata - What exactly causes blood to flow from one heart chamber to another? Systolic/diastolic pressure - What is the major parasympathetic nerve to the heart? The vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)...