Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System PDF

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chapter 11 cardiovascular system...

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Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System 3 types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries Arteries - Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Has elastic walls to withstand high pressure of the pumping action of the heart. Artery walls are lined with - connective tissue, muscle tissue, and elastic fibers with an inner layer of epithelial cells (endothelium) endothelial cells - found in all blood vessels, secrete factors that affect the size of blood vessels, reduce blood clotting, and promote the growth of blood vessels Arterioles - smaller branches of arteries. Thinner than arteries and carry blood to capillaries cappilaries - smallest blood vessels and its walls are only one endothelial cell thick. Carry nutrient rich oxygenated blood from arteries & arterioles to body cells through its thin walls Nutrients from bloodstream in body cells - burn in the presence of oxygen to release energy (catabolism) carbon dioxide and water - pass out of cells and into the capillaries Veins form when - waste filled blood flows back to the heart in small venules which combine to form larger vessels (veins) veins - have thinner walls than arteries and conduct blood lacking oxygen toward the heart from the tissues. Have little elastic tissue and less connective tissue and lower blood pressure than arteries Veins have valves - that prevent backflow of blood and keep it moving in 1 direction. Muscular action also helps the movement of blood in veins. circulation of blood - 1. oxygen defficient blood from the body enters through 2 large veins (superior and inferior VENAE CAVAE) from the tissue capillaries to the heart 2. Blood travels to the right side of the heart 3. Blood goes through the pulmonary artery (divides into 2 lungs) to the lungs to get oxygenated. 4. arteries divide into arterioles and reach lung capillaries and absorb oxygen 5. oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary vein back to the heart into the left side, then to the left heart muscles 6. Blood then is pumped through the aorta (largest single artery) back to the body through multiple arteries. -ascending aorta - descending aorta -arteries ( carry oxygen blood to all parts of body) -arterioles - tissue capillaries (oxygen leaves blood) - venules

- veins arterial branches - brachial, axillary, splenic, gastric, renal carotid artery - The major artery that supplies blood to the head and neck systemic circulation - pathway of circulation from the heart to the tissue capillaries and back to the heart pulse - Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries. the human heart - weighs less than a pound, is roughly the size of an adult fist, and lies in the thoracic cavity behind the breastbone in the mediastinum (between the lungs) the heart has 4 chambers - two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles stethoscope - an instrument used to listen to sounds within the body, misnomer the heart is a double bound pump - 1)Pump Station number one on the right side of the heart sends oxygen deficient blood to the lungs where blood picks up oxygen and release carbon dioxide 2) newly oxygenated blood returns to left side of heart to pump 2 and then out to all parts of body 3) at body tissues blood loses oxygen and returns to pump 1 Bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block) - failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) superior vena cava - transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart fibrillation - rapid, random, and ineffective contractions of the heart 350 beats or more per min inferior vena cava - receives blood from lower body and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart congestive heart failure (CHF) - heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood right atrium - the thin right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae. contracts to force blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle coronary heart disease (CAD) - disease of the arteries surrounding the heart, result of atherosclerosis right ventricle - lower right chamber of the heart cusps of tricuspid valve - form a 1 way passage to keep blood in 1 direction and prevent backflow pulmonary valve - valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery pulmonary artery - artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary veins - Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium left atrium - upper left Chamber of heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation. mitral valve - valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

left ventricle - Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta left ventricle has thickest walls - propels blood through the aortic valve into the aorta septa - a partition separating two chambers, such as that of the 4 chambers of the heart. interarterial septum - separating wall or partition between the right and left atria (upper) interventricular septum - partition between the right and left ventricles (lower) endocardium - smooth layer of endothelial cells lining inside of heart and heart valves Myocardium - muscular, middle layer of the heart, thickest Pericardium - Membranous + fibrous sac surrounding the heart. composed of 2 layers: visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium visceral pericardium - layer closest to the heart parietal pericardium - outer layer pericardial cavity - between parietal and visceral layers, contains pericardial fluid 10 to 15mL that lubricates membranes diastole - Relaxation of the heart - tricuspid and mitral valves open - pulmonary and aortic valves close Systole - Contraction of the heart -tricuspid and mitral close -pulmonary and aortic open murmur - abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves pacemaker or sinoatrial node - creates electricity causing the walls of the Atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles electrocardiogram - A recording of the electrical activity of the heart sphygmomanometer - instrument to measure blood pressure angi/o - vessel angiogram - X-ray record of a blood vessel. arter/o, arteri/o - artery arterial anastomosis - surgical connection between two arteries endarterectomy - surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery ather/o - fatty plaque Atherosclerosis - hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries cardi/o - heart cardiomegaly - enlargement of the heart Bradycardia - slow heart rate brady- - slow Tachycardia - fast heart rate tachy- - fast coron/o - heart

coronary arteries - Branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. cyan/o - blue cyanosis - abnormal condition of blue skin phlebotomy - incision of a vein for the removal of blood phleb/o - vein sphygm/o - pulse steth/o - chest endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart aneurysm - local widening of an arterial wall berry aneurysm - aneurysms of small vessels in the brain echocardiography (ECHO) - echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart coronary artery bypass grafting CABG - arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) - balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place...