Chapter 11 Gastrointestinal System PDF

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Gastroenterology Gastrointestinal is responsible for turning food into energy Step 1 is digestion (di- through and gest- to carry)- breaks apart to usable and unusable parts 3 main types of usable food- Protein fat and carbohydrates Upper GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, and stomach Lower GI tract includes the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder Parts of a tooth from outside to inside - Enamel - Dentine - pulp First component in examining a patient with gastrointestinal complains is visual inspection Gastrointestinal problems include - Change in function - Infection - Inflammation Rank parts of a tooth from uppermost to the lowermost - Crown - Neck - Root Visual findings related to gastrointestinal issues - Color changes - Large abdomen Anatomical regions in the medial superficial abdomen in order from superior to inferior - Epigastric region - Umbilical region - Hypogastric region

Upper GI Term

Roots

examples

mouth

or/o, stomat/o

Oral, stomatosis

Gums

gingiv/o

Gingivitis, gingivostomatitis

Tooth

dent/o, odont/o

Dentist, odontalgia

Tongue

gloss/o, lingu/o

Glossopathy, sublingual

Stomach

gastr/o

Gastritis, gastropexy

Esophagus (eso (carry) phagus (eat))

esophag/o

Esophageal, esophagitis

Lower GI tract Intestines

enter/o

Gastroenterology , dysentery Greek for “inside”

Duodenum (first of SI)

duoden/o

Gastroduodenoscope, duodenectomy

Jejunum (second of SI)

jejun/o

Jejunotomy, jejunitis

Ileum (third)

ile/o

Ileotomy, ileitis

Colon (large intestine)

col/o, colon/o

Colorectal carcinoma, colitis,

Sigmoid colon (end of LI)

sigmoid/o The s-shaped bend in the large intesine

sigmoidoscope

Rectum

rect/o

Rectoplasty, rectitis Latin for “straight”

Anus

an/o

Anoplasty, anal fistula Latin for “ring”

Anus and rectum

proct/o

Proctitis, proctology

Supporting structures/ digestive organs Liver is the largest gland in the body. Get rid of dangerous toxins, plays a role in energy storage, makes substance used to break down fat in the GI tract called bile. Bile is sent to two places, the SI and the gallbladder. Pancreas makes chemicals known as enzymes that break down proteins fats and carbohydrates.

Saliva

sial/o

sialoadenitis

Bile (gall) (made in liver)

bil/i, chol/e Required for the body to digest food

Biligenesis, cholelith

Abdomen

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

Adominocentesis, celiopathy, laparoscope

Bladder

cyst/o

Cholecystogram, cholecystectomy

Duct

doch/o

choledocholithiasis

Bile vessels

cholangi/o

Bile duct

choledoch/o

Liver

hepat/o, hepatic/o

Hepatitis, hepaticotomy

Pancreas

pancreat/o

Pancreatitis, pancreatolith

Peritoneum

peritone/o Membrane lining the abdominal cavity

peritoneotomy

11.2 Subjective

Digestion - carrying food through the body and breaking it apart Gastrointestinal problems include - change in function, inflammation, and infection Liver - get rid of dangerous toxins, store energy, and break down fat

upper gastro tract

Term

Word Analysis

aerodontalgia

aer / odont / algia

ER-oh-dawn-TAL-jah

air / tooth / pain

Definition tooth pain caused by exposure to air

aphagia

a / phagia

a-FAY-jah

no / eat

Definition inability to eat

dentalgia

dent / algia

den-TAL-jah

tooth / pain

Definition tooth pain

dyspepsia

dys / peps

dis-PEP-see-ah

bad

/ ia

/ digestion / condition

Definition bad digestion

esophagalgia

esophag / algia

eh-SAWF-ah-GAL-jah

esophagus / pain

Definition pain in the esophagus

eupepsia

eu

/ peps

/ ia

yoo-PEP-see-ah

good / digestion / condition

Definition good digestion

gastralgia

gastr

gas-TRAL-jah

stomach / pain

Definition stomach pain

/ algia

gastrodynia

gastro

/ dynia

GAS-troh-DIH-nee-ah

stomach / pain

Definition stomach pain

gingivalgia

gingiv / algia

JIN-jih-VAL-jah

gum

/ pain

Definition gum pain

gingivostomatitis

gingivo / stomat / itis

JIN-jih-voh-STOH-mah-TAI-tis

gum

/ mouth

Definition inflammation of the mouth and gums

hematemesis

hemat / emesis

HEM-at-EM-eh-sis

blood

/ vomiting

Definition vomiting blood

hyperemesis

hyper / emesis

HAI-per-EM-eh-sis

over

/ vomiting

Definition excessive vomiting

odontalgia

odont / algia

/ inflammation

OH-dawn-TAL-jah

tooth

/ pain

Definition tooth pain

odontodynia

odonto / dynia

oh-DAWN-toh-DAI-nee-ah

tooth

/ pain

Definition tooth pain

stomatitis

stomat / itis

STOH-mah-TAI-tis

mouth

/ inflammation

Definition inflammation of the mouth

stomatodynia

stomato / dynia

stoh-MAT-oh-DAI-nee-ah

mouth

/ pain

Definition mouth pain

lower gastro tract

Term

Word Analysis

constipation

from Latin, for "to crowd together"

KAWN-stih-PAY-shun

Definition difficulty passing feces

diarrhea

dia

/ rrhea

DAI-ah-REE-ah

through / discharge

Definition passing of fluid or unformed feces

dysentery

dys / enter

DIS-en-TER-ee

bad

/y

/ intestine / condition

Definition another name for diarrhea

enterodynia

entero / dynia

EN-ter-oh-DIH-nee-ah

intestine / pain

Definition pain in the intestines

hemorrhoid

from a Greek word referring to veins likely to discharge blood

HEM-oh-ROID Definition inflammation of the veins surrounding the anus

rectalgia

rect

/ algia

rek-TAL-jah

rectum / pain

Definition rectal pain

supporting organs

Term

Word Analysis

cholecystalgia

chole / cyst

KOH-lay-sis-TAL-jah

bile

/ algia

/ bladder / pain

Definition pain in the gallbladder

jaundice (icterus)

from French, meaning "yellow"

JAWN-dis Definition yellowing of skin, tissue, and fluids caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the blood

icterus

from Greek, for"jaundice"

IK-ter-us Definition another name for jaundice

sialorrhea

sialo / rrhea

SAI-ah-loh-REE-ah

saliva / excessive discharge

Definition excessive salivation

11.3 Objective upper gastro tract

Term

Word Analysis

gastromalacia

gastro / malacia

GAS-troh-mah-LAY-shah

stomach / softening

Definition softening of the stomach

gastroparesis

gastro / paresis

GAS-troh-par-EE-sis

stomach / partial paralysis

Definition partial paralysis of the stomach

gingivitis

gingiv / itis

JIN-jih-VAI-tis

gum

/ inflammation

Definition inflammation of the gums

gingivoglossitis

gingivo / gloss / itis

JIN-jih-voh-glaw-SAI-tis

gum

/ tongue / inflammation

Definition inflammation of the gums and tongue

glossoplegia

glosso / plegia

GLAW-soh-PLEE-jah

tongue / paralysis

Definition paralysis of the tongue

odontoclasis

odonto / clasis

OH-dawn-TAWK-lah-sis

tooth

/ break

Definition breaking of a tooth

stomatogastric

stomato / gastr

stoh-MAH-toh-GAS-trik

mouth

/ ic

/ stomach / pertaining to

Definition pertaining to the mouth and stomach

stomatosis

stomat / osis

STOH-mah-TOH-sis

mouth

Definition mouth condition

lower gastro tract

/ condition

Term

Word Analysis

anophony

ano / phony

an-AW-foh-nee

anus / sound

Definition sound from the anus

flatus

from Latin, for "to blow"

FLAH-tus Definition medical term for passing gas

hernia

Page 655from Latin, for "rupture"

HER-nee-ah Definition rupture or protrusion of an organ through the wall that normally contains it

steatorrhea

steato / rrhea

STAY-at-oh-REE-ah

fat

/ discharge

Definition excessive fat discharged in the feces

supporting organs

Term

Word Analysis

ascites ah-SAI-teez

from the Greek wordaskos, referring to a bag made from the skin of a goat that was used to hold wine

Definition retention of fluid in the peritoneum Note: The name comes from the patient’s resemblance to an askos.

biligenesis

bili / genesis

bih-lih-JIN-eh-sis

bile / creation

Definition formation of bile

cholelith

chole / lith

KOH-lay-lith

bile

/ stone

Definition gallstone; literally "a stone in the bile"

hepatomalacia

hepato / malacia

heh-PAT-oh-mah-LAY-shah

liver

/ softening

Definition softening of the liver

hepatomegaly

hepato / megaly

heh-PAT-oh-MEG-ah-lee

liver

/ enlargement

Definition enlargement of the liver

hepatoptosis

hepato / ptosis

heh-PAT-op-TOH-sis

liver

/ drooping condition

Definition downward displacement of the liver

pancreatolith

pancreato / lith

pan-kree-AT-oh-lith

pancreas

/ stone

Definition stone in the pancreas

sialoangiectasis

sialo / angi / ectasis

SAI-ah-loh-AN-jee-EK-tah-sis

saliva / vessel / expansion

Definitionoverexpansion of the salivary vessels

sialolith

sialo / lith

sai-AL-oh-lith

saliva / stone

Definition stone in the saliva

sialostenosis SAI-ah-loh-steh-NOH-sis

sialo / sten

/ osis

Definition narrowing of the salivary glands

saliva / narrowing / condition

radiology

Term

Word Analysis

cholangiogram

chol / angio / gram

koh-LAN-jee-oh-gram

bile / vessel / record

Definition record of the bile vessels (ducts)

cholangiography

chol / angio / graphy

koh-LAN-jee-AW-grah-fee

bile

/ vessel / writing procedure

Definition procedure for mapping the bile vessels (ducts)

cholangiopancreatography

chol / angio / pancreato / graphy

koh-LAN-jee-oh-PAN-kree-ah-TAW-grahfee

bile / vessel / pancreas procedure

Definition procedure for mapping the

/ writing

bile vessels (ducts) and pancreas Note: This can be performed either by endoscope (ERCP) or by MRI (MRCP).

cholecystogram

chole / cysto / gram

KOH-lay-SIS-toh-gram

bile

/ bladder / record

Definition record of the bile (gall) bladder

pancreatography

pancreato / graphy

PAN-kree-ah-TAW-graw-FEE

pancreas

/ writing procedure

Definition procedure for mapping the pancreas

diagnostic procedures

Term

Word Analysis

anosigmoidoscopy

ano / sigmoido / scopy

AN-oh-SIG-moid-AW-skoh-pee

anus / sigmoid procedure

/ looking

Definition procedure for looking at the anus and sigmoid colon

colonoscopy

colono / scopy

COH-lon-AW-skoh-pee

colon

/ looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking at the colon

endoscope

endo / scope

EN-doh-SKOHP

inside / instrument to look

Definition instrument used to look inside

endoscopy

endo / scopy

en-DAW-skoh-pee

inside / looking procedure

Definition procedure of looking inside

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

esophago / gastro / duodeno / scopy

eh-SAW-fah-goh-GAS-stroh-DOO-awden-AW-skoh-pee

esophagus / stomach / duodenum / looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

esophagoscopy

esophago / scopy

eh-SAW-fah-GAW-skoh-pee

esophagus

/ looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking inside the esophagus

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

fec

/ al

occult blood test

FEE-kal ah-KULT BLUD TEST

feces / pertaining to hidden

Definition test of feces to discover blood not visibly apparent

gastroscope

gastro / scope

GAS-troh-SKOHP

stomach / instrument to look

Definition instrument for looking at the stomach

gastroscopy gastro

/ scopy

gas-TRAW-skoh-pee stomach / looking procedure Definition procedure for looking at the stomach

laparoscope

laparo

LAP-ar-roh-skohp

abdomen / instrument to look

Definition instrument for looking inside the abdomen

/ scope

laparoscopy

laparo

/ scopy

LAP-ah-RAWS-koh-pee

abdomen / looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking inside the abdomen

nasogastric tube

naso / gastr

/ ic

tube

NAY-soh-GAS-trik TOOB

nose / stomach / pertaining to

Definition tube inserted through the nose into the stomach

peritoneoscopy

peritoneo / scopy

PER-ih-TOH-nee-AW-skoh-pee

peritoneum / looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking at the peritoneum

proctoscope

procto

/ scope

PRAWK-toh-skohp

anus / rectum / instrument to look

Definition instrument for looking at the anus and rectum

proctoscopy

procto

prawk-TAW-skoh-pee

anus/rectum / looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking at the anus and rectum

/ scopy

sigmoidoscope

sigmoido / scope

sig-MOY-doh-skohp

sigmoid

/ looking procedure

Definition instrument for looking at the sigmoid colon

sigmoidoscopy

sigmoido / scopy

sig-moy-DAW-skoh-pee

sigmoid

/ looking procedure

Definition procedure for looking at the sigmoid colon

professional terms

Term

Word Analysis

bariatrics

bar

BAR-ee-at-riks

heavy / doctor / pertaining to

/ iatr

Definition branch of medicine dealing with weight issues Note: In weather forecasts, the atmospheric pressure is called barometric pressure.

dentifrice

denti / frice

DEN-ti-fris

tooth / rub

/ ics

Definition toothpaste Note: The suffix -frice also gives us the word friction.

dentist

dent / ist

DEN-tist

tooth / specialist

Definition specialist in teeth

dentistry

dent / istry

DEN-tis-tree

tooth / specialty

Definition branch of medicine dealing with teeth

gastroenterologist

gastro / entero

/ logist

GAS-troh-EN-ter-AW-loh-jist

stomach / intestines / specialist

Definition specialist in the stomach and intestines

gastroenterology

gastro / entero

GAS-troh-EN-ter-AW-loh-jee

stomach / intestines / study

Definition study of the stomach and intestines

orthodontics

ortho / dont / ics

/ logy

or-thoh-DAWN-tiks

straight / teeth / pertaining to

Definition branch of medicine dealing with the straightening of teeth

orthodontist

ortho / dont / ist

or-thoh-DAWN-tist

straight / teeth / specialist

Definition specialist in straightening teeth

proctologist

procto

/ logist

prok-TAW-loh-jist

anus/rectum / specialist

Definition specialist in the anus, rectum, and colon

proctology

procto

/ logy

prok-TAW-loh-jee

anus/rectum / study

Definition branch of medicine dealing with the anus, rectum, and colon Page 660

anatomical regions

Term

Word Analysis

epigastric

epi / gastr

/ ic

eh-pee-GAS-trik

upon / stomach / pertaining to

Definition upper center portion of the abdomen

hypochondriac

hypo

/ chondr / iac

hai-poh-KON-dree-ak

beneath / cartilage / pertaining to

Definition upper side portions of the abdomen

hypoga...