Bio 150 Keck - Exam 3 Notes PDF

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Bio 150 Keck - Exam 3 Notes...

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3-1-2018 Intro to Ecology Biodiversity - Why do we have so much biodiversity? - Why do some areas have more biodiversity? - We have to understand interactions with their environments - Abiotic - Global Pattern - Climate - Climate Zone dependent on temperature and precipitation - Sunlight hitting earth - Ocean and Air currents - Elevation - Rain shadow effect - Seasonality - Biotic - Can increase possible amount of niche space Ecology - The study of interactions between organisms and their environment - Bird Mask example - Individual - Twix - Community - Pigeons added - Predatorial - Eagles takes out other birds - At Several Scales (predictive in dynamic/changing systems) 1. Organismal Ecology a. Why does it live in these areas? b. What are the resources it uses? c. By answering these questions, we can start making predictive models of where an organism should occur i. New Range ii. Invasion iii. Reintroduction 2. Population Ecology a. Density and growth (demographics) b. How many resources can support a population?

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c. Limited by the environment 3. Community Ecology a. Multiple Species b. Species interactions c. Can be very complex d. Sea Otters i. Sea Otters -> Sea Urchins ii. Sea otters declined iii. Sea urchins destroy kelp forest iv. All other populations messed up e. Niche - role in the ecosystem f. Competition - more than one species with the same overlapping niches, or when there are too many of one species 4. Ecosystem Ecology a. Cycling of energy and matter 5. Urban Ecology Biomes - Organismal patterns correlates with abiotic pattern

Population Ecology - How do populations grow? - Cyanobacterial Blooms - Study of populations and how their numbers change over time - Important for - Endangered Species - Invasive Species - Response time to changing environment - Population - Group of individuals of the same species in the same area at the same time - Population Density - Number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume at a given time - Uniform/Random/Clumped distribution - Change in Population Size - Birth/Death - Immigration/Emigration - r = (b - d) + (i - e) - Population Growth - Exponential - Environmental Resistance - Environmental Limits

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- Stops indefinite reproduction - Unfavorable food, water, shelter, predation, etc - Carrying Capacity, K - Maximum # of individuals an environment can support - Causes leveling off of exponential growth Population Crash - Overshooting carrying capacity can lead to population crash - Abrupt decline in population density

3-6-2018 Population Ecology - Factors that Affect Population Size - Density Independent Factors - Factors that affect population size, but is not influenced by changes in population density - Ex: Frost, Fire - Reproductive Strategies

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R-Selected - Small bodies - Early maturity - Short life - Large broods - Little or no parental care - Probability of long term survival is low K-Selected - Small broods - Long life

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- Slow development - Large body - Late reproduction - Low reproduction rate - Probability of long term survival is relatively high Demography - Population Structure and predicting growth Age Structure - The number and proportion of people at each age in a population - Figures - Expanding, Stabilizing, Declining - Can’t use to predict in humans because people moving in from other places

Community Ecology - Species interactions (4 types) - The concept of a niche; explain how fitness and niche overlap impact competition - What is a community? - An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction - Differ in their species richness and species evenness - Richness may be equal, but relative abundance may be different - What happens to animals that rely on forest cover when the dominant tree species is gone? - There are different interspecific interactions, relationships between the species of a community - Competition (-/-) - Poa vs Bromas - Occurs when there is a limiting resource - Intraspecific - among individuals of one species - Interspecific - between two species - Competitive Exclusion Principle - two species with similar needs for same limiting resource - 2 bacteria grown together -> one almost always driven to extinction - Fundamental Niche vs Realized Niche - Resource Partitioning is the differentiation of niches that enables two similar species to coexist in a community - Character Displacement - morphological differences in sympatric vs allopatric populations - Predation/Consumption (+/-)

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Predator eats prey - Carnivor - Omnivor - Herbivor - Parasitism - Predators live on/in a host and depend on the host for nutrition - Botflies - Mutualism (+/+) - Commensalism (+/o) Co-Evolution - Reciprocal evolutionary adaptations of two interacting species - When one species evolves, it exerts selective pressure on the other to evolve to continue the interaction - Predator Prey relationships - Cryptic pigmentation - Camouflage - Aposematic pigmentation - Dart Frogs - Brightly Colored to prevent predation - Mimicry - organism mimics other organism - Batesian Mimicry - harmless mimics harmful - Viceroy Butterfly - Monarch Butterfly - Mullerian Mimicry - several harmful look similar - Bullet ants

3/8/2018 Dispersal: Islands, Invasion, and Succession -

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Mutualisms: both species benefit from an interaction - Ants & Acacia Tree - Cleaner Wrasse picks off parasite from fish Commensalism: one species benefits from an interaction, but no cost to the other - Small fish seek protection around jellyfish

Trophic Structure - Food Chain with Trophic Levels - Food Web with links

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Horizontal = competition Vertical = predator/prey

Keystone Species - A species that has a much greater impact on the surrounding species than its abundance would suggest - Communities are often connected: no hard boundaries! - Overfishing forcing orcas to shift niche space (eat otters) Biogeography - Geographic range/distribution - Not static, but dynamic - Great American Biotic Interchange - Dispersal after adaptation, subsequent competition - “There’s shit on islands” - Wallace’s Line - South Pacific - Sharp break between faunas of an Asian and Australian origin - Island Biogeography - The lower number of species on islands was not the result of insufficient time, but rather the result of an equilibrium process peculiar to all islands - Equilibrium theory = balance between colonization and extinction - Shifts with size of island and distance from mainland

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EO Wilson and D Simberloff (UT) - Mangrove island in Florida - Fumigated whole islands - Monitored colonization - Smaller/farther away had less species - Larger/Closer had more species

Succession Ecology - Community change through time - Change in abiotic conditions enables later stage species establishment - Why are there prairies? - Forest fires

3/20/2018 Ecosystems - Energy and matter pathways - You should be able to label a figure and indicate pathways of energy and matter through an ecosystem - You should be able to describe direct and indirect effects of changes Ecosystems - All the organisms living in a community and the abiotic components - The dynamics of an ecosystem involve 2 processes: energy flow and chemical cycling - Ecosystem ecologists view ecosystems as energy machines and matter processors - We can follow the transformation of energy by grouping the species in a community into trophic levels of feeding relationships - The laws of physics and chemistry apply to ecosystems - An ecosystem’s energy budget depends on primary production - Most primary producers use light energy to synthesize organic molecules, which can be broken down to produce ATP - Biomass - Oceans cover most of the Earth’s surface area, so even though they do not have much net primary production per m2, they have they highest net primary production overall

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Production

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Energy Flow - The efficiency of the energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20% - Pyramids of biomass represent the ecological consequences of low trophic efficiencies

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Chemical Flow (Matter) - A general model of chemical cycling - Water Cycle - Evapotranspiration - Water moving back into the atmosphere from plants - Carbon Cycle

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Decomposition rates largely determine the rates of nutrient cycling Nutrient cycling is strongly regulated by vegetation

3/22/2018 Urban Ecology - What is urban? - Urban Center - Gradient from undisturbed environments to cities

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Typically thought of as >1000 people per square mile Still growing, estimated 65-80% people will be living in urban areas in 2050 What does this mean? - Pulling out resources from earth to get energy - Concrete/asphalt keeps water from running its natural course Machine or Organism - Input of energy, materials, and water - Output of gas/solid/water waste - Worried about sources and deposits - Ecological Footprint

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How much land/other resources do we need? Ecosystem Services - Forests take in carbon that we produce - Wetlands take in nutrients from water Need to figure out how to combine sources+deposits - Cover building with plants - Place solar panels on covered trash dump

Urban Development - Rural to Urban Biodiversity Gradient

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Rural > Urban Fringe > Suburbia > Urban Core Bump at Urban Core from introducing more species back into the environment Can be determined by impervious surface area Can classify creatures by niche space - Urban Avoiders - Large birds - Woodpeckers - Urban Adapters - Can do ok in urban setting -

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Urban exploiters - Pigeons - Native to rock cliffs - Rats - Can we change this? Currently - Biodiversity effects? - Less flooding = less costs to fix - Less particulates in air = less illness - Evolutionary Effects? - Genetic isolation - species inside can’t interact with species outside - Fast evolution Urban Sparing

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Urban Sharing - Benefits human health - Take properties and turn them green - Roofs - Community gardens Wildlands Project: Dispersal Corridors - Florida - Bought land to create greenways

Learning Catalytics - What types of pollution do you associate with electricity? - Heat, Air, Light, Water, Carbon Knoxville’s Ecology - Outside cats reduce songbird population - Test Q’s - Provide one example from around the campus of how urbanization could be reducing biodiversity - Explain how that might reduce biodiversity - What can be done to restore or reduce the effects of your example?

3/27/2018 Climate Change - Why should you be concerned with global climate change? - Thawing Viruses - “Zombie Pathogens” - Bird Flu - Smallpox - 1918 Flu - Anthrax - NPR Podcast - “Are There Zombie Viruses In The Thawing Permafrost” - Frozen girl died of starvation - Variables and Conditions - Greenhouse Gases/CO2 - Trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere - Ocean is absorbing CO2

NEW NOTES: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rqZiN HPwr9K9qBa5_Q4SjZhi1RfGtxLWMAAQJs Ta8vo/edit?usp=sharing...