BIO-181 Review #1a-1d PDF

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BIO-181 Review #1a, #1b, #1c, #1d Neal Adam Grand Canyon University...

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BIO-181 | Adam Neal | Grand Canyon University Review #1A Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry 1. A scientific theory is __________. o A well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power 2. The information in a gene that directs the production of a cellular product is gene expression. The correct sequence or the transfer of information from a gene to a function protein is __________. o Transcription, translation, protein folding 3. The process that directs the manufacture of a cell product from a gene is called __________. o Gene expression 4. How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms? o The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA, then translates into protein 5. Feedback regulation includes __________. o Both negative feedback where the pathway shuts down and positive feedback where the pathway speeds up 6. What is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life? o Cell 7. What is an attribute of living things? o They must be able to evolve and adapt 8. Regulation of molecules within an organism in response to a changing level of chemicals and the ability to self-regulate is called _________ o Feedback regulation 9. A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable and falsifiable means that _________. o Some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is incorrect 10. Which series of terms is in the correct sequence of biological organization, from the simplest to the most complex? o Cell, tissue, organ, population, community 11. Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels? o Population 12. What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area? o Population 13. The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from _________. o The sun 14. A nonlinear, realistic model of the scientific process is called the process of science. The core activity of this process is _________. o Forming and testing hypotheses 15. the use of energy and matter by living organisms _________.

o Involves chemical cycling from light energy from the sun for the production of chemical energy in food to the decomposition and the returning of chemicals to the cycle 16. The three domains of life are _________. o Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya 17. The two main forms of cells are __________ cells. o Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 18. The genetic material withing cells is called __________ and is organized into structures called __________. o DNA; chromosomes 19. The units of inheritance are called _________. o Genes 20. What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life? o DNA 21. The concept of “descent with modification” was proposed by _________. o Charles Darwin 22. In the theme of biological organization, the approach called reductionism __________. o Allow us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Review #1B The Chemical Context of Life 1. The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an electron depend mostly on the _________. o Number of electrons in its outermost shell 2. Weak chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonds _________. o Form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen is attracted to another electronegative atom 3. When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule __________. o Is an ion 4. Which statement is true of all atoms that anions? o The atom has more electrons the protons 5. Ionic bonds form as a result of __________. o Attraction between ions that have opposite charges 6. In ionic interactions __________. o The transfer of valence electrons results in a completed valence shell for each ion 7. In a process called radiometric dating, scientists measure the __________ of an isotope to determine the age of the Earth. o Half-life 8. Hydrogen bonds occur when _________. o Partial opposite charges on molecules come close enough to attract with each other

9. Trace elements __________. o Are required by an organism in minute quantities 10. A covalent bond is likely to be polar if _________. o One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative 11. Radioactive tracers ____________. o Are important tools in biological research and medicine 12. Molecular mimics ____________. o Can produce similar effects on the naturally occurring molecules 13. When a very electronegative atom strips a valence electron away from its partner, ____________ form o Ions 14. The number of protons in an uncharged atom ____________. o Equals the number of electrons 15. When one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two neutral atoms, what type of bond is formed? o A covalent bond 16. Which of the following statements is true about chemical reactions? o They involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds 17. The reactivity of an atom arises from ____________. o The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell 18. What are the four most abundant elements found in living systems? o Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon 19. The behavior of an atom depends on the ____________. o Valence electrons in the outermost electron shell 20. A covalent bond ____________. o Is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms 21. Isotopes of an element will always differ in ____________. o Atomic mass 22. The molecular shape of a biological molecule is important because ___________. o It determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to each other 23. Nonpolar covalent bonds are always formed from atoms that are ____________. o Equal in their electronegativity 24. The difference between a stable isotope and an unstable isotope of an element is that ____________. o The unstable isotope has a nucleus that decays spontaneously is radioactive and can be transformed into an atom of another element 25. Which of the following subatomic particles has appreciable mass and lacks a charge? o Neutron 26. Which of the following has a negligible mass? o Electron 27. The fact that oxygen is an atom that is strongly electronegative means that ____________.

o It more strongly pulls shared electrons toward itself when forming a covalent bond with a less electronegative atom Review #1C Water and Life 1. You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon? o Surface tension 2. Sweating has a cooling effect because of water’s high ____________. o Heat of vaporization 3. Water is a polar molecule. This means that ____________. o The opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges 4. Water moves up a plant because of hydrogen bonds by a process called ____________. o Cohesion and adhesion 5. Hydrophilic molecules ____________. o Are charged molecules that are attracted to the partial charge of the water molecule 6. The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of ____________. o The unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule 7. A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution is ____________. o An acid 8. ____________ is an emergent property of water that allows insects like the raft spider to walk on water. o Surface tension 9. When ice forms, the ____________ are farther apart than in liquid water, allowing the ice to form an organized crystal structure and float. o Hydrogen bonds 10. All of the following are hydrogen bonding properties except ____________. o Nonpolar covalent bonding 11. Adhesion is best described as ____________. o The clinging of one substance to another substance 12. Hydrophobic molecules ____________. o Are uncharged, nonionic substance that seem to repel water 13. A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is ____________. o A base 14. An acid is ____________. o A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution 15. The specific heat of a substance is ____________. o The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change it temperature by 1 degree Celsius 16. Buffers are _____________. o Substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution 17. Adding a base tends to _____________ of a solution.

o Lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH 18. The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is ____________. o Cohesion 19. Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules are called ___________ molecules. o Hydrophobic 20. The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water’s ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are ______________. o Both caused by water’s partial charges

Review #1D Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1. The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that ____________. o A carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds 2. Enantiomers are ____________. o Mirror-image isomers of a molecule 3. Which element is always associated with organic chemistry? o Carbon 4. Chemical groups are significant because _____________. o They contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties 5. Which functional group is not present in this molecule? o Sulfhydryl 6. Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share on thing in common: they _____________. o All help give each biological molecule its unique properties 7. What are the six most important chemicals of life? o Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur 8. When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, _____________ can form o Cis-trans isomers 9. Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: carboxyl is to ____________ as ____________ is to base. o Acid; amino 10. Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because ______________. o Organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it 11. Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules. o Structural isomers 12. The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the ________________. o Sulfhydryl group (-SH) 13. Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons? o Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy

14. Molecules that only contain carbon and hydrogen are _______________. o Called hydrocarbons 15. In the pharmaceutical industry, 2 enantiomers of a drug _______________. o May not be equally effective 16. The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the ________________. o Methyl group (-CH3) 17. Which of the following is found in all amino acids? o Both -COOH and -NH2 18. What is ATP’s importance in the cell? o ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes 19. When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine, __________ is formed. o ATP 20. Carbon’s atomic number Is 6. This means that it has __________ electrons. After completing the first energy level, carbon has __________ valence electrons and can form __________ bonds. o 6; 4; 4 21. Structural isomers have _______________. o The same molecular formula but different covalent arrangement of their carbon skeletons 22. The chemical group that acts as an acid is the ______________. o Carboxyl group (-COOH) 23. Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer? o One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic 24. Biologically important chemical groups include all of the following except o Water (H2O)...