Bio 269 Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide #2 PDF

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-Bi o269Le c t ur eExa m 3St ud yGu i d eAu t h or e dbyDr .Gi ov a nn iCas o t t i

I nGe ne r al Th ee x a m wi l lc on s i s to f5 0mu l t i pl ec ho i c eque s t i onswi t h4a l t e r n a t i v e se a c h.Tos uc c e s s f ul l ya n s we rt h eque s t i on s y ouma yber e qui r e dt oi nc o r po r a t ei nf or ma t i onf r om mor et ha n1s l i deore ve n1l e c t u r e . Thi sme a nst ha ty ous h oul d n ot t r ya n dme mor i z et hei n f o r ma t i on ,r a t he ru nd e r s t a n di t .Ph y s i ol o g yc a n notbeme mo r i z e d( a swi t hAn a t omy) . Th ee x a ms h a l lc ons i s toft hef ol l o wi n gl e c t u r e s : • Re s p i r a t i onI , I I , I I I ,Re na lI , I I . Br i n gy ours t ud e ntI D, ag oo de r a s e ra n da tl e a s t1pr e s h a r p e ne dda r kpe nc i lt ot h ee xa m. Di s c l a i me r :Thi ss t ud yg ui dei sNOTme a ntt obeac o mp r e he n s i vel i s tofe v e r y t h i n gy o une e dt okn o wbuti tgi v e s y ouav e r yg oods t a r t .

TheSpe c i fic s Re s p i r a t i o nI 1. Un de r s t a ndwha ti sme a n tb ypa r t i a lpr e s s ur eofag a sa n dwha tg a s e sa r ei nwha ta b und a nc ei na i r . Amounto fgasi na i ro rga sdi s s ol v e di nflui d Par t i a lPr e s s ur e=pe r c e nt a g eoft ot a lmi xt ur e Gas e sdi s s ol v ei nt ol i qui di npr o por t i o nt ot he i rpar t i a lpr e s s ur e Ea c hg ashasapar t i a lpr e s s ur e Ni t r og e n, Oxy g e n,Car bonDi o xi de ,andWa t e r 2. Kno wt heor de rofga ss o l u bi l i t yb e t we e nt h ea l v e o l ia n dt hepu l mon a r yc a pi l l a r i e s . Fr e s hOx y ge nt oAl v e o l i Car bonDi o x i det oAl v e o l ii s4 0mm Hg;i sr e mo v e df r om Al v e o l ia sai re xpi r e d Bl o o dpumpe df r om he ar ta tar t e r i ale ndi npul monar yc api l l ar i e si s4 0PO2, 45PCO2 O2di ffus e si nt hea i ri nt heal v e ol ia ndbl oo da ndc ar bondi o xi dedi ffus e s Ve no use ndofpul monar yc api l l a r i e sPO2i s1 0 4andPCO24 0 O2r e mo v e df r om bl o odt ono ur i s hl ungt i s s ue , PO29 5;bl o oddi ffus e soutofar t e r i ale ndso ft i s s ue c api l l a r i e si nt ot het i s s ueflui dt he nCO2di ffus e doutofc e l l si nt ot i s s uet he ne nt e r sbl oo db/ cof di ffe r e nc e si npar t i alpr e s s ur e

Ve no use ndoft i s s uec api l l a r i e spo 2i s40a ndpc o2i s45 ;e qualt opr e s s ur ei nt i s s ueflui d Nomor ene tmo v e me nto fo 2orc o 2i nbl ood 3. Kno wt hec o mpo s i t i o nofg a s e si nt h ea l v e ol ia ndwh yi ti sd i ffe r e ntt h a nt hea t mos p he r e . O2di ffus e si nt obl ood,CO2i noppos i t edi r e c t i on Ai ri nal v e ol iami x t ur eofai rf r om mo r et ha nonebr e at h 4. Kno wt hega spr e s s ur egr a di e nt si nt hep ul mo na r ya n ds y s t e mi cc i r c ui t sa n dwh yt h e yc ha n g e . SEE# 2andl oo ka tPP

5. Un de r s t a ndt hei mpo r t a nc ei ns u r f a c ea r e at oopt i mi z i n gg a s e si nt hel u ng s .

To process the huge amounts of air involved in breathing and getting oxygen to your lungs 6. Un de r s t a ndv e nt i l a t i onp e r f us i onc o up l i n g . SEEPe r f us i onv e nt i l at i o nc o upl i ng–g ot og e t he r - Fr e s ha i r -br i ngbl oo dt oano r ga n

7. Un de r s t a ndh o wh e mo g l obi n( Hb )wo r kst ot r a n s por tb o t hOa ndCO. 2

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Ox y he mo gl obi nv s . De o xy he mo gl obi n Ra t i o:( O2 :Hb)( 4: 1 ) Ox y g e n:o nhe megr oup Car bonDi o x i deonpo l ype pt i de s 8. Un de r s t a ndt heOs a t ur a t i onc u r v ea n df a c t o r st h a tc a nde c r e a s eOa b i l i t yt ob i ndt oHb . 2

Pe r c e nts at ur a t i on Affini t y:a t t r ac t i on De c r e a s eb y: - El e va t e dt e mpe r at ur e - De c r e a s ei npH - Bi ndi ngt o2, 3di phos phog l y c e r a t e - I nc r e a s ei npCO2

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9. Kno wt hedi ffe r e ntt y p e sofh y po x i a . Hy po x i a:i na de qua t eO2t ot i s s ue( e r yt hr opoe s i s ) - Ane mi c :f e wRBCs ,de c r e a s epe r c e nt ag eofRBCs - I s c he mi c :i mpa i r e dorbl oc ke dbl oo dc i r c ul a t i o n - Hi s t ot o x i c :bo dyc e l l suna bl et ous eO2e v e nt ho ug he noug hde l i v e r e d( c y ani de ) - Hy po xe mi c :r e duc e dar t e r i a lpO2( CO2po i s o ni ng ) 10 .Un de r s t a ndt hedi ffe r e ntwa y st ha tCOi st r a n s po r t e di nwh ol ebl oo da ndt hec he mi s t r yb e hi ndi t . - Di s s ol v e di npl as ma( 7 10%) - Bo undt oHb( 2 030 %) - Bi c a r bo na t ei o n( 60 7 0%)>RBCsa ndpl a s ma ~HCO3– ~H2 O +CO2–H2 CO3–HCO3+H+ 2

Re s p i r a t i o nI I 1. Kno wt hea n a t omya ndf u nc t i o nsoft hec o ndu c t i v ea ndr e s p i r a t o r ypa t hwa y s . Co nduc t i ngz one ~Tr ac he a13de g r e ebr onc hi Re s pi r at or yZone ~Br onc hi ol e s , al v e o l a rduc t s ,a l v e ol i Func t i ons - Co nduc t i ngZo ne 1 ) War m,c l e a ns ea ndhumi di f ya i r 2 ) Phona t i o n( v oc a lc or ds ) 3 ) Re g ul at i onofa i rflo w( di l ut i on/ c ons t r i c t i on) - Re s pi r at or yZo ne ~Ga se x c ha ng e +Ce l lt ype1:g ase x c hange +Ce l lt ype2:s ur f e c t a nt 2. Kno wt hepl e ur a ll a y e r sof , a n ds u r r oun di n gt h el u n gs . Pl e ur alLa y e r s : ~Pa r i e t al( c he s t ) ~Vi s c e r al( l ungs ) ~Pl e ur alflui d - He a d, di a phr agm, s t e r num,r i bsandi nt e r c os t a lmus c l e s

3. Un de r s t a ndh o wt hel u n g sa r ev e nt i l a t e db yn e g a t i v ei nt r a p ul mo na r yp r e s s u r e . -

Te nde nc yo fl ongr e c oi l Sur f a c et e ns i ono fal v e o l a rflui d Oppo s e dbyc he s twa l le l a s t i c i t y Equal sa l v e ol a rpr e s s ur e Ex pa ndsi nhal a t i on,c ompr e s s e s-e x ha l a t i on

4. Kno wwh a ti sme a n tb yt r a n s pu l mon a r ya n di nt r a p l e ur a lpr e s s u r e .

Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the pleural cavity. During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients. Ptp = Palv – Pip. Where Ptp is transpulmonary pressure, Palv is alveolar pressure, and Pip is intrapleural pressure

5. Un de r s t a ndwha tc a u s e sr e s i s t a n c eofa i ri nt ot h el un g sa ndho wt oa l t e ri t .Kno wt h ee qu a t i ongi v e ni nt he l e c t ur e .

Airway resistance refers to degree of resistance to the flow of air through the respiratory tract during inspiration and expiration. The degree of resistance depends on many things, particularly the diameter of the airway and whether flow is laminar or turbulent R=1/ r 4 6. Un de r s t a ndh o wy o uc a nc h a n g et h epr e s s ur ebe t we e nt hea t mos p he r ea ndt hea l v e ol it oa l l o wmo r ea i rt o e nt e rt hel un g s .

Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs. Air, like other gases, flows from a region with higher pressure to a region with lower pressure. Muscular breathing movements and recoil of elastic tissues create the changes in pressure that result in ventilation.

7. Un de r s t a ndwha ti sme a n tb yl un gc omp l i a nc e . No ts t e e l >e l as t i ct i s s uet oe x pa ndandc ont r ac t 8. Un de r s t a ndh o war e s p i r ome t e ri su s e dt og a t he rp u l mona r yf un c t i onda t ai nhuma n s , a ndde fin ea nd und e r s t a n de a c ho ft h eva r i a b l e sobt a i ne df r o m apul mo na r yf u nc t i o nt e s t .

Device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide.

Spirometry is a simple test used to help diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions by measuring how much air you can breathe out in one forced breath. It's carried out using a device called a spirometer, which is a small machine attached by a cable to a mouthpiece.

9. Kno wwh a tt h edi ffe r e ntt y p e so fde a ds p a c ea r ea n dh o wt he yr e l a t et ol un ge ffic i e n c y . Ana t omi c a lDe a dSpa c e :t r appe di nc o nduc t i v epat hwa y Al v e o l arDe adSpac e :i ns pi r e d To t alDe a dSpa c e : ~pCO2 :hi gh ~pO2:l o w Re s p i r a t i o nI I I 1. Kno who wt oc a l c u l a t ea l v e ol a rv e nt i l a t i o nr a t e ,wha tf a c t ora ffe c t si tt hemos ta ndwh y . De fini t i o n:AVR=f r e que nc yt i me st i dalv o l ume( br e a t hs / mi ns )t i me s( mL/ br e at h) Ti dalv ol umee nha nc e sAVRmor e 2. Kno wwh a tpa r toft hene r v ou ss y s t e mc o nt r o l sr e s pi r a t i ona ndho wi to pe r a t e s . Me dul l ar yRe s pi r a t o r yCe nt e r :i nt e gr at e si nputi nf or ma t i on Po nt i neRe s pi r a t o r yc e nt e r :s moo t hsoutba s i cr e s pi r a t o r yr h yt hm

3. Wh a tg a sc on t r ol sr e s p i r a t i o nde p t ha ndr a t e ?Ho wa r ec ha n g e si nt hel e v e loft h i sg a sde t e c t e d? CO2;whe nCo 2l e ve l si nc r e a s e ,t her a t eo fbr e a t hi ngi nc r e a s e s 4. Wh a ti st h enor ma lr e s p i r a t or yr e fle xc a l l e da n dho wi si tc ont r ol l e d? Co nt r o l l e dbyMe dul l aObl o ng a t a;c o nt r o l st her e gul at i o no ff r e que nc yandde pt hofe ac hbr e a t h 5. Wh a ta r ea ni nc r e a s ei nPCOa ndade c l i nei nPOc a l l e d? 2

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Ea r l yDe t e c t i on? ?? 1o f2 -Bi o269Le c t ur eExa m 3St u d yGu i de-

Aut ho r e db yDr .Gi o v an niCa s o t t i Re na lI 1. Kno wt hedi ffe r e ntf un c t i onsoft hehuma nki dn e y . Re gul at i ono fwa t e rande l e c t r ol yt e s Mai nt a i npl as mav ol ume>bl oo dpr e s s ur e Ac i dBa s e dBa l anc e>pH o fpl as ma El i mi na t eme t a bo l i cwas t e Ho r mones e c r e t i on( Re ni nANG I I ) 2. Kno wt hea n a t omyoft h ehuma nki d ne ya ndt h ene p h r on. Func t i onaluni t–ne phr on Co mpone nt s : Gl ome r ul us( Re na lc or pus c l e ) Pr o xi malt ubul e Lo opo fHe nl e Di s t alt ubul e Co mmo nCo l l e c t i ngDuc t 3. Kno wwh a ti sme a n tb yfil t r a t i o n,r e a bs o r p t i o na nds e c r e t i ona ndh o we a c hpr oc e s so pe r a t e sa tt hec e l l ul a r l e v e l . Re abs or pt i o n:s o di um mo v e spa s s i v e l ya c r os st heapi c al me mbr anea ndac t i v e l yi nt opl as ma Se c r e t i on:Pot a s s i um i st r ans po r t e da c t i v e l yi nt ot hec e l la ndpa s s i v e l yi nt ot ubul a rl ume n 4. Kno wwh a ts ubs t a nc e sa r efil t r a t e d, r e a bs or be da nds e c r e t e d . Fi l t e r e d Wa t e rands ol ut e s–g l uc o s e , e l e c t r ol yt e s( Na+/ K+) Pr o t e i n( no tfil t e r e d)( Al bumi n) Bl o o dc e l l s( no tfil t e r e d)( WBC/ RBC) Fi l t r a t i onba s e dons i z eandc har g e

Re abs or be d So di um Se c r e t e d Po t as s i um Wa t e rands ol ut e s( 1%) 5. Un de r s t a ndh o wfil t r a t i o nope r a t e sa ndwha tl a y e r sas u bs t a n c eha st ope n e t r a t ei nor de rt obefil t e r e di nt o t h ene p hr on . SEESCREENSHOTS 6. Kno who wmu c hoft heflu i de nt e r i n gt hene phr oni sfil t e r e da n ds e c r e t e d. Fi l t e r e di nt ogl ome r ul iada y:18 0L Fl ui ds e c r e t e dada y :1. 5L 7. Un de r s t a ndh o wb l o odp r e s s u r ec h a n g e swi t h i nt hev a s c ul a t u r eoft heki d ne y . GFRde pe ndso nbl oods uppl y Bl o o dPr e s s ur edr o pi ng l o me r ul i 8. Kno who wgl ome r ul a rfil t r a t i onr a t e( GFR)i sme a s ur e da ndt h ee qu a t i ononh o wt oc a l c u l a t eGFR. Me as ur e dbyamar ke r Char a c t e r i s t i c s 1 . Fr e e l yfil t e r e dbyt hegl o me r ul us 2 . No tr e abs or be do rs e c r e t e d 3 . Mus tno tal t e rGFR GFRxP( I n)=U( I n)xV

9. Kno wt hes t r u c t ur e swi t h i nt h ej uxt a g l ome r ul a ra pp a r a t u sa ndh o wt he yo pe r a t et or e g ul a t eGFR. The juxtaglomerular apparatus functions to maintain blood pressure and to act as a quality control mechanism to ensure proper glomerular flow rate and efficient sodium reabsorption. Re l e as e sRe ni n 10 .Kno wa l loft heme c ha n i s mst ha tr e gu l a t eGFR.

Re na la ut o r e g ul a t i o n Ne ur alaut o r e gul a t i on Ne ur alc ont r ol Re na l a ng i o t e ns i ns y s t e m( JG Appa r a t us ) SEENOTESANDPOWERPONTSLI DE 11 .Un de r s t a ndh o wt h ene p hr onope r a t e sv i ac o unt e r c u r r e ntmu l t i pl i c a t i o nt opr o du c ebo t hc on c e nt r a t e da n d di l ut eur i ne .Kn o wa l lt heho r mo ne si n v o l v e d. Gl ome r ul us Pr o xi malc onv o l ut e dt ubul e s :r e abs or bsi onsandwa t e r De s c e ndi ngLi mb:r e a bs o r bswa t e r As c e ndi ngLi mb:r e abs o r bsi on( Na ,Cl , K) ( c o unt e r c ur r e ntmul t i pl i c a t i on):goi no ppos i t edi r e c t i ons , wa t e rr e a bs o r bspas s i v e l y Me dul l a:s a l t y( r e abs or bsa c t i v e l y) Di s t alc onv o l ut e dt ubul e :r e abs o r bsNa+Cl J A:c ont r o lbl oodpr e s s ur e Co l l e c t i ngDuc t :l e f t o v e ri nt hel ume nc o l l e c t i on Co l l e c tnut r i e nt si npe r i t ubul arc api l l ar i e s Re na lv e i n:t obo dy–ur i ne 12 .Kno wwha tur e ai sa ndi tr ol ei nur i nec o nc e nt r a t i on . Ni t r og e no uspr ot e i ne x c r e t e di nur i ne Urea is the major source for excretion of nitrogenous waste and large quantities of urea need to be excreted daily. The kidney's ability to concentrate urea reduces the need to excrete water simply to excrete nitrogenous waste

13 .Un de r s t a ndt her o l eoft hev a s ar e c t ai na l l o wi n gt hen e ph r o nt oc on c e nt r a t eu r i n e . Os mot i cgr a di e ntno twas he dout Bl oo ds uppl ys l ug gi s h 14 .Un de r s t a ndwh a ti sme a n tb yt heU/ Pr a t i o .

Pl as maos mol al i t yf r om 28 529 5mOs m Ex :ur i ne=1 , 2 00mOs m 15 .Bea bl et od e s c r i b emi c t ur i t i on . Me c hani s mo fa c t i on Co nt r a c t i o no fde t r us o rmus c l e Re l axa t i o no fs phi nc t e r s Re na lI I 1. Un de r s t a ndt hep h y s i ol og i c a lme c ha n i s mso fwa t e ri n p uta ndo ut pu t . Wa t e ri nput=wa t e rout put 2. Un de r s t a ndt hei mpo r t a nc eo fr e g ul a t i n ge l e c t r ol yt e si nt heh uma nbo dy . Che mi c al st ha tdi s s oc i a t ei nwa t e r( i nor g ani c s ) ~Na ++Cl -=NaCl I mpo r t ants al t s ~s o di um,pot as s i um,c al c i um So di um a c c ount sf or90 %o fECFs o l ut e I mpo r t anc eo fEl e c t r ol yt ebal anc e ~qua l i t ye ffe c t squant i t y( WATERFOLLOWSSALT) 3. Kno wt heph y s i ol og i c a lme c h a ni s mo fNai sr e gu l a t i o nb yt heki dn e y . +

Na+: St i mul us :de c r e as e spl a s maNa + Re s pons e :i nc r e as e ski dne yr e abs o r pt i on 4. Un de r s t a ndt hei mpo r t a nc eo fma i n t a i ni n ga c i db a s eba l a nc ea ndho wbu ffe r sa c c o mpl i s ht h i st a s k. Pr o t e i nf unc t i oni nflue nc e db yH+ H+i nflue nc e dby Che mi c albuffe r s

Ki dne y s( l ongt e r m) Bi c a r bona t eBuffe r : HCO3-abs o r pt i o n - Fo r mat i ono fH2 CO3 - Fo r mat i ono fH+a ndHCO3 - HCO3–i sr e abs or be di nt oc a pi l l ar i e s Phos pha t eBuffe r : Phos pha t eofne wbi c a r bo na t e - H+s e c r e t e di nt ol ume n - Co mbi ne swi t hHPO42 -l o s ti nur i ne - HCO3-c r e a t e de nt e r sbl oo d 5. Un de r s t a ndt hep h y s i ol og i c a lme c ha n i s mso fh o wt hehuma nne phr o nr e gul a t e spl a s mapH,i nc l udi n ga tt h e l e v e lo ft hec e l l . -St i mul us -Re s pons e -ADH ( ?? ?? ?)...