BIO Chapter 16 vocabulary PDF

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BIO-101-M3-SP18-General Biology I
Instructor: Catherine Ripley...

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Chapter 16- The Urinary System 1. Urinary System: consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Purpose is to eliminate wastes from body and regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites and regulate blood pH. 2. Excretion: the removal of metabolic wastes from the body. 3. Urine: a fluid that contains dissolved waste materials and conducts it to outside the body. 4. Urea: by product of amino acid metabolism. 5. Gout: Too much uric acid present in blood, crystals form and precipitate out in the joints, causing a painful alignment. 6. Osmoregulation: maintenance of the appropriate balance of water and salt in the blood. 7. Erythropoietin: stimulates red blood cell production. 8. Kidneys: are paired, bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs located near the small of the back in the lumbar region on either side of the vertebral column. 9. Ureters: conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 10. Urinary bladder: stores urine until it is expelled from the body 11. Urethra: small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening. 12. Nephrons: each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine. 13. Glomerulus: knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule. 14. Glomerular capsule: closed end of the nephron pushed in on itself to form a cuplike structure 15. Proximal convoluted tubule: s reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries 16. Loop of the nephron: tube then narrows and makes a U-turn 17. Distal convoluted tubule: composed of cuboidal epithelial cells that have numerous mitochondria but lack microvilli 18. Collecting ducts: carry urine to renal pelvis 19. Glomerular filtration: occurs when whole blood enters the afferent arteriole and the glomerulus 20. Tubular reabsorption: occurs as molecules and ions are both passively and actively reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood of the peritubular capillary network 21. Tubular secretion: second way which substances are removed from blood in the particular network and added to tubular fluid 22. Aquaporin: Channel protein through which water can diffuse across the membrane Aldosterone: a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, promotes the excretion of potassium ions (K+) and the reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+). 23. Renin: an enzyme that changes angiotensinogen into angiotensin. Atrial natriuretic hormone: a hormone secreted by the atria of the heart when cardiac cells are stretched due to increased blood volume. 24. Anti-diuretic hormone acts to maintain blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content by controlling the amount of water and hence the concentration of urine excreted by the kidney. 25. Diuretics: chemicals that increase the production of urine 26. Pyelonephritis: sudden kidney infection 27. Kidney stones: hard granules that can form in the renal pelvis 28. Hemodialysis: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis or kidney transplantation

29. Bladder stones are hard masses of minerals in your bladder. Bladder stones develop when the minerals in concentrated urine crystallize.

Chapter 17- The Nervous System

1. Nervous System: is responsible for the reception and processing of sensory information from both the external and internal environments. 2. Central Nervous System: consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: consists of nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands 3. Neurons: cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system 4. Neuroglia: support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, from myelin and may aid in signal transmission. 5. Sensory neurons: take messages to the CNS 6. Interneuron: lies within the CNS 7. Motor neuron: take messages away from the CNS to an effector 8. Dendrites: extensions leading toward the cell body that receive signals from other neurons and send them on to the cell body 9. Axon: conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or effectors 10. Schwann cells: contain lipid substance myelin in their plasma membrane 11. Myelin sheath: covers axons 12. Nodes of Ranvier: gaps where no myelin sheath is 13. Oligodendrocytes: type of neuroglia 14. Gray matter: contains neurons with short, non-myelinated axons 15. White matter: white because It contains myelinated axons that run together in bundles called tracts 16. Tracts: bundle of myelinated axons 17. Nerve impulse: convey info 18. Resting potential: axon not conducting an impulse 19. Sodium-potassium pumps: unequal distribution of ions maintained by the action of carrier proteins 20. Action potential: rapid change in polarity across an axonal membrane 21. Refractory period: which sodium gates are unable to open 22. Salutatory conduction: action potential jumps from node to node 23. Synapse: close proximity 24. Synaptic cleft: tiny gap 25. Neurotransmitters: chemicals store in a synaptic vesicle in the axon terminals 26. Integration: is the summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals by a neuron 27. Meninges: spinal cord and brain wrapped in protective membranes 28. Cerebrospinal fluid: cushions and protects the CNS 29. Ventricles: connect with hollow central canal of spinal cord 30. spinal cord : s a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. 31. Brain: is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. 32. Cerebrum: largest portion of the brain in humans 33. Cerebral hemispheres: two halves, left and right

34. Cerebral cortex: thin highly convoluted outer layer of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres 35. Basal nuclei: integrate motor commands, ensuring that proper muscle groups are activated or inhibited. 36. Hypothalamus: forms the floor of the third ventricle 37. Thalamus: consists of two masses of gray matter that form the sides and roof of the third ventricle 38. Pineal gland: secretes hormone melatonin 39. Cerebellum: lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum and is separated from the brain stem by the fourth ventricle 40. Brain stem: contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata 41. Midbrain: acts as a relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and the spinal cord or cerebellum. 42. Pons: contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and rest of the CNS 43. Medulla oblongata: regulates vital functions such as heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure 44. Reticular activating system: obtains the reticular formation, a complex network of nuclei and nerve fibers that extend the length of the brain stem. 45. Limbic system: complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions 46. Hippocampus; is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe that is well situated to communicate with the prefrontal area of the brain, which is also involved in learning and memory. 47. Amygdala: is an almond-shaped structure in the limbic system that allows us to respond to and display anger, avoidance, defensiveness, and fear. 48. Memory: is the faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. 49. Learning: takes place when we retain and utilize past memories 50. Nerves: bundles of axons 51. Nerve fibers: axons that occur in nerves 52. Cranial nerves: attached to the brain 53. Ganglia: swellings associated with nerves that contain collections of cell bodies 54. Spinal nerves: of human emerge in 31 pairs from between openings in the vertebral column of the spinal cord 55. Dorsal root ganglion: ventral root 56. Somatic system: serves the skin, skeletal muscles and tendons 57. Reflex actions: responses to stimulus 58. Autonomic system: of the PNS regulates the activity of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. 59. Sympathetic division: are located in the middle, or thoracolumbar, portion of the spinal cord. 60. Parasympathetic division: includes a few cranial nerves, as well as fibers that arise from the sacral portion of the spinal cord.

61. Alzheimer disease: is the most common cause of dementia, an impairment of brain functions significant enough to interfere with the patient’s ability to carry on daily activities. 62. Parkinson disease: is characterized by a gradual loss of motor control, typically beginning between the ages of 50 and 60. 63. Multiple sclerosis: is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord 64. Stroke: results in disruption of the blood supply to the brain 65. Meningitis: infection of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord 66. Prions: which are infectious agents that most researchers believe are composed of protein only 67. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a rare but devastating condition that affects the motor nerve cells of the spinal cord 68. Guillan-Barre syndrome: is an inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of peripheral nerve axons. 69. Myasthenia gravis: is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are formed that react against the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscles. 70....