Bio lab practical 2 quizlet study guide PDF

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This is a Quizlet to use as a study guide for the second lab practical of biology 1107 with professor Kline. ...

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histology - the study of tissues tissues - composed of one or more cell types that provide a common function comprise organs which make organ systems 4 main tissue classes - epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous simple squamous epithelium - Epithelial single layer of thin, platelike cells; have wavy shape and contian one nucleus lining of tympanic membrane, kidney, testis, line blood vessels stratified squamous epithelium - Epithelial thick, cells vary in shape from the base to the free surface; layer next to the basement membrane is cuboidal or columnar cells, above are layers of polyhedral cells epidermis, mouth, esophagus, cornea, vagina, and portion of female urethra cuboidal epithelium - Epithelial cells are square or rectangular glands, free surface of the ovary, in the retina, and lining the kidney tubules columnar epithelium - Epithelial tall and slender surface of small and large intestines ciliated columnar epithelium found in the uterus, oviducts, and the bronchi of the lungs Loose (areolar) connective tissue - Connective cells, intercellular fibers, and a ground substance fibroblasts are predominant; collagen fibers and elastic fibers loosely arranges superficial and deep fascia, structural support for nerves and blood vessels Dense (regular) connective tissue - Connective thick collagen fibers parallel to each other, only fibroblasts between the collagen fibers tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses (palm of hand and abdomen) Adipose tissue - Connective fat cells (adipocytes), nucleus and cytoplasm squeexed to one side of cell fat Blood - Connective composed of formed elements, blood cells and plasma erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Hyaline cartilage - Supportive Connective firm intercellular matrix, cells called chondrocytes contained in lacunae ventral end of ribs, tracheal rings, larynx, joint surfaces of bones Bone (compact) - Supportive Connective haversian systems, lamellae, dense network of collagen fibers, lacunae(cavities in which the osteocytes are located), canaliculi (tiny channels between lacunae) responsible for the production of blood cells in the red marrow and it serves as a reservoir for fat storage in yellow marrow Skeletal muscle - Muscle lage elongated, multinucleated cells, nuclei located peripherally, striations visible skeletal muscles Cardiac muscle - Muscle cells are striated and elongated, nuclei are centrally located with blunt ends, cells branch intercalated discs (junctions between cardiac muscle fibers appear as dense transverse lines) Smooth muscle - Muscle nucleus centrally located, striations absent contractile portion of the walls of the digestive tract, respiratory passages, urinary and genital ducts, blood vessels have a layer too Neuron - Nervous tissue dendrites, axon, nissl bodies, glial cells (provide structural and function support to neurons in the CNS; form blood-brain barrier) neuroglia- nonconducting cells associated with neurons that provide structural and function support Skeletal muscle cross section Diaphysis - the long, hollow shaft portion of the bone. The walls are composed of compact bone tissue and the center is filled with yellow marrow Epiphysis - the spherical ends of the long bone; the interior is composed of cancellous (spongy) bone tissue which contains red marrow

Epiphyseal plate - a region of hyaline cartilage, between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, where cancellous bone growth occurs Periosteum - a tough fibrous membrane covering the surfaces of bone; it provides a surface for the attachment of ligaments and tendons, and contains an inner layer of osteogenic cells Articular cartilage - A region of hyaline cartilage that covers the bone surface at the joint. It reduces friction and allows the bones to glide over each other during movement Compact (dense) bone - consists of tightly packed Haversian systems. It is found in the outer regions (i.e. surface) of bone, predominantly in the diaphysis Cancellous (spongy) bone - consists of thin plates of bone arranged in an irregular network; largely restricted to epiphyses but extends as a thin layer between the compact bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis. Open areas are filled with red marrow Red marrow - consits of developing blood cells in various stages of maturation as well as other cells such as macrophages and fat cells Yellow marrow - serves as fat storage and fills the medullary cavity Flat bones - ribs, cranial bones, scapula, sternum Irregular bones - vertebrae, facial bones (zygomatic, mandible), os coxae Short bones - wrist (carpals), foot (tarsals) Long bones - femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges Sesamoid bones - patella Axial skeleton - Skull Vertebral Column Thorax Appendicular Skeleton - Upper Extremities Lower Extremities

Skull - Cranium: frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (1) Facial bones: maxillae (2), zygomatic (2), nasal (2), mandible (1) Sutures: coronal, sagittal Vertebral Column - Cervical vertebrae (7): C1-C7 (C1=atlas and C2=axis) Thoracic vertebrae (12): T1-T12 Lumbar vertebrae (5): L1-L5 Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) Thorax - Sternum (1) Ribs (24): True ribs (1-7) False ribs (8-12) Ligament - a band of dense connective tissue that connects bones to bone to form a joint Tendon - a band of dense connective tissue that connects muscle to bone Condylar joint - two knuckle-shaped surfaces articulate with a concave surface ex. knee (femur and the tibia) Gliding - flat or slightly curved surfaces; sliding movement ex. wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals) Hinge - concave surface articulates with convex surface ex. elbow, finger, toe Pivot - permits rotation of one bone about another ex. wrist (radius and ulna), neck (atlas and axis) Spheroidal - rounded end of bone articulates with cup-shaped socket ex. shoulder and hip Suture - Immovable joint, bones interlock ex. skull (cranial bones) flexion - bending at a joint (or spine) resulting in a decrease of the angle of the joint extension - straightening at a joint (or spine) resulting in an increase of the angle of a joint

abduction - to move an appendage away from the midline of the body adduction - to move an appendage toward the midline of the body supination - to turn the pal upward pronation - to turn the palm downward dorsiflexion - flexing the foot upward plantar flexion - flexion of the toes moving the foot downward Body planes - Frontal Transverse Sagittal Midsagittal (Median) Frontal Plane - a lengthwise plane, perpendicular to the midsagittal plane that divides a body into dorsal and ventral halves Transverse Plane - a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves Sagittal Plane - an off-center longitudinal plane creating unequal left and right halves Midsagittal Plane (Median) - a longitudinal plane along the midline that divides the body lengthwise into externally symmetrical right and left halves Orientations - indicate a direction relative to a body part or body plane Anterior or Ventral Posterior or Dorsal Superior or Cranial Inferior or Caudal Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Anterior/Ventral - toward the abdomen Posterior/Dorsal - toward the back

Superior/Cranial - toward the head Inferior/Caudal - toward the feet Medial - toward the midline of the body Lateral - away from the midline of the body Proximal - closer to the point of attachment to the body Distal - farther from the point of attachment to the body Pig External Anatomy - Head: eyelid, nose, nares, pinna, vibrissae (whiskers), tongue, oral cavity Trunk Thorax: forelimbs (shoulder, elbow, wrist, digits), thoracic cavity internally houses heart and lungs, diaphragm, internally separates thoracic and abdominal cavities Abdomen: umbilical cord, mammary papillae, hind limbs (knee, ankle, digits), internally houses organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, urogenital opening, anus Tail Differences between male and female fetal pigs - Female: urogenital opening is behind the papilla, genital papilla Male: urogenital opening above papillae, scrotal sac Digestive enzymes of starch - begins in the mouth with enzyme salivary amylase and continues in the duodenum through enzyme pancreatic amylase hydrolysis of amylase releases maltose TESTED WITH IODINE TEST Starch iodine test - Add I2KI reagent blue-black--> positive for starch yellow--> negative for starch Digestive enzymes of protein - begins in the stomach and continues in the duodenum through enzyme pepsin TESTED WITH BIURET REAGENT Biuret reagent - no protein--> original blue

protein--> purple polypeptides--> pink pepsin needs an acidic pH Digestive enzymes of Fats - lipid digestion begins in the duodenum with the secretions of bile from the liver and lipase from the pancreas. Bile salts emulsify fats so the tiny lipid droplets can more easily react with the enzyme lipase TEST WITH pH INDICATOR AND PHENOL RED pH indicator and phenol rate - sodium hydroxide added to samples to make alkaline Color range: yellow (acidic)-peach (neutral)-pink (alkaline) Layers of tissues in the small intestine - mucosa, submucosa, muscle (muscularis) and serosa villi - fingerlike extensions projecting inward toward the lumen, compromise the mucosa; outer layer is columnar epithelial cells with microvilli, enhance the surface area and absorptive capabilities of the intestine; in the center is a lacteal (blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel) goblet cells - secrete mucus submucosa - composed primarily of connective tissue and blood vessels nutrients from the digested food pass from the lumen to blood vessels in the mucosa and submucosa layers and then to larger blood vessels; the nutrient-rich blood flows to the liver for processing before being circulated around the body muscular layer - circular: directly beneath the submucosa; sequential contraction of the cells in each muscle layer aids the process of digestion, it's contraction results in segmentation (aids in the mixing of partially digested food with enzymes) longitudinal: under the circular layer, contraction helps propel food along the tract via peristalsis Serosa - outermost layer of the intestine, thin layer (peritoneum) is composed of squamous epithelial cells and protects the intestinal surface Mandibular gland - creates saliva teeth- incisors, canines - chews food

tongue, papillae - ridges on the end of the tongue, contain tastebuds, and provide friction for food handling hard palate - separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity soft palate - nasopharynx is above it epiglottis - covers the trachea, stops choking esophagus - under mandibular gland, carries food to the stomach, connecting the oral cavity to the stomach; behind the trachea diaphragm - splits the thorax and the abdomen stomach, rugae - the stomach is under the liver and makes pepsin which breaks down proteins rugae are ridges in the stomach that help it contract and expand internal surface folds pancreas - rest of the digestion enzymes such as lipase which breaks lipids down and pancreatic amylase which breaks down carbs; secrete insulin and regulates blood glucose levels liver - synthesizes bile acids, plasma proteins, lipids, and cholesterol gallbladder, bile duct - small greenish sac beneath the liver that stores bile acids secreted by the liver small intestine - duodenum jejunum ileum 1st part connected to the stomach, the most nutrient absorption mesentary - connective tissue that holds organs to the abdomen cecum - hangs off the large intestine, breaks down cellulose, smaller in carnivores and omnivores ascending colon - first section of the large intestine. Removes the water and other nutrients from waste material and recycle it back into the body by the blood stream (more green than pink)

spiral (transverse) colon - second section of the large intestine and connects the ascending colon to the descending colon. Expulses the left over water and nutrients that came from the ascending colon into the blood stream and uses peristalus (muscle contraction) and carries the waste to the descending colon descending colon - third section of the large intestine and its connected to the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon. Expulses any left over water and nutrients into the blood stream. Goes to the rectum Rectum - temporary storage of feces; end of the large intestine, before the anus Anus - opening of the rectum to the outside; expels feces Accessory organs - pancreas, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands Differences between the fetal pig and human anatomy - cecum (has no purpose in humans) shape of the transverse colon (pigs' are spiral, humans' are transverse) arteries - carry blood away from the heart, most carry oxygenated blood veins - carry blood to the heart, most carry deoxygenated blood Generalized blood flow - heart--> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> heart Neck region vessels - external jugular vein internal jugular vein common carotoid subclavian arteries external jugular vein - carries blood from outside parts of head and neck to the heart internal jugular vein - carries blood from deeper tissues of the neck and from the interior of the skull to the heart Common carotoid - carries blood to the head subclavian arteries - carries blood to the forelimbs Thoracic region vessels - R and L atria

R and L ventricles Cranial vena cava Caudal vena cava Aortic arch/aorta pulmonary artery ductus arteriosus right atrium - receives deoxygenated blood as it returns from the body cells left atrium - receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into circulation right ventricle - receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery left ventricle - receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and sends the blood to the entire body except the lungs via the aorta cranial vena cava - enters the right atrium anteriorly, carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body towards the abdomen caudal vena cava - enters the right atrium posteriorly, carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium aortic arch/aorta - extends from the left ventricle; main artery, supplies oxygenated blood to the body pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs ductus arteriosus - short temporary linkage found only in fetal pig; connects pulmonary artery and aorta channels blood from lungs to aorta Lower body vessels - caudal vena cava umbilical vena cava abdominal aorta umbilical arteries umbilical vein - brings oxygenated blood to the fetus abdominal aorta - continuation of the thoracic aorta that runs through abdominal cavity

umbilical artery - carry deoxygenated blood from fetus external heart tricuspid vlave - valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps bicuspid valve - alve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle chordae tendinae - heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart aortic semilunar valve - a semilunar valve between the aorta and the left ventricle of the heart that prevents the blood from flowing back into the left ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve - is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps; prevents backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles during ventricular diastole myocardium - myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart, or the heart muscle. It contracts to pump blood out of the heart and then relaxes as the heart refills with returning blood papillary muscle - muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole pulmonary circuit - is the path deoxygenated blood takes through the heart to the lungs; right side of the heart systemic cicuit - part of your circulatory system that carries blood away from your heart, delivers it to most of your organs and tissues, and returns it to your heart again; the left side of the heart Heart identification tips - left ventricle wall is thicker, needs more muscle to push blood throughout the body Arteries are thicker cause pushing blood to the body

spleen - produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells artery and vein cross section - veins irregularly shaped with little muscle arteries are circular with thick muscle atherosclerosis - buildup of plaque which impairs the flow of blood, and oxygen to the myocardium erthyrocytes - red blood cells, most abundant cell type, primary vehicles of gas exchange via hemoglobin platelets - smallest, initiates the process of blood clotting leukocytes - white blood cells, fight infections and produce antibodies, can move out of the blood vessel Types of leukocytes - granulocytes agranulocytes Granulocytes - have deeply stained particles in the cytoplasm Agranulocytes - show no particles in the stained cytoplasm Sickle-Cell Anemia - abnormal hemoglobin is produced, deoxygenated red blood cells have a crescent shape; cells inefficient at carry oxygen and can clog capillaries Leukemia - overproduction of leukocytes 4 main blood types - A, B, AB, O agglutination reaction - when the antigen and the antibody bind, they clump together A blood - Surface antigens: A Serum antibodies present:anti-B Can donate blood to type(s): A, AB Can receive blood from type(s): A, O Possible genotypes: IA IA or IA iO B blood - Surface antigens: B Serum antibodies present: anti- A Can donate blood to type(s): B, AB

Can receive blood from type(s): B, O Possible genotypes: IB IB or IB iO AB blood - Surface antigens: A and B Serum antibodies present: neither Can donate blood to type(s): AB Can receive blood from type(s): A, B, AB, O Possible genotypes: IA IB O blood - Surface antigens: neither Serum antibodies present: anti-A and anti-B Can donate blood to type(s): A, B, AB, O Can receive blood from type(s): O Possible genotypes: iO iO If blood agglutinates in... - Anti-A but not Anti-B --> A Anti-B but not Anti-A --> B Anti-A and Anti-B --> AB Neither Anti-A and Anti-B --> O Anti-Rh --> Rh positive sinoatrial (SA) node - cluster of specialized cells in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava atrioventricular (AV) node - right side of the interatrial septum Pathway of cardiac impulse - SA--> AV--> AV bundle--> right and left bundle branches-> Purkinje network in the walls of the ventricles Electrocardiogram ECG/EKG - recording of the electrical potential differences resulting from the depolarization and repolarization of the heart as it contracts. The ECG recordings are based on bipolar leads and the electrical potential difference is measured between two specific electrodes Waves of ECG - P wave, QRS complex, T wave P wave - depolarization of the SA node QRS complex - depolarization of the ventricles T wave - repolarization of the ventricles

systolic blood pressure - pressure the heart exerts when the ventricles are contracting (systole) diastolic blood pressure - pressure when the heart is at rest (diastole) How to set up bp - systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg blood pressure: 120/80 mm Hg Blood pressure when hand in cold water - When it becomes cold, one's blood vessels constrict to reduce heat loss. Thus, with narrower channels, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures should increase so that more blood can travel through the now narrow vessels. The pulse should also lower, in order to conserve energy while still being able to pump blood in through the body efficiently. The heart was relaxed, but increased the pressure of the pumps. In the heart, blood has more time to optimize movement when it slows down, optimizing diffusion events, facilitated diffusion events, and active transport. This would be useful in a "fight or flight" situation as it conserves energy while still performing the necessary functions. How do humans breathe? - contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles; c...