BIOL 110 exam 2 study guide 2 PDF

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BIOL 110 Exam 2 study guide...

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What is Etiolation and De-etiolation? Etiloation: Growth of plant in darkness Ex: potato focuses growth of stems, not leaves;just as if it was in the soil De-etiolation: After exposure to light, stem elongation slows,roots grow normally, leaves grow normally phytochrome pigment containing receptor protein with 2 forms: Pr- absorbs red light, does not activate cellular response (dark) Pfr- absorbs far red light, initiates response of light regulated genes (light) PLANT LIGHT SWITCH tissues A group of cells with common function, structure, or both Organ! Several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions Roots Nonphotosynthetic and would starve without organic nutrients from shoot system Shoot system depends on water and minerals from roots Nodes points at which leaves are attached internodes the stem segment between nodes Axillary buds structure that has potential to form a lateral shoot (branch) apical bud (terminal bud) Bud at the end of the shoot Dermal tissue: Epidermis *outermost layer of cells in young roots, stems, leaves *Usually one cell layer thick *cells are specially adapted to their particular function (i.e. absorption, protection, secretion) Vascular Tissue Transport tissue in plants, consisting of xylem and phloem.

Xylem Other part is water and minerals. Roots get water and minerals from soil. These enter the root's xylem and move up wards into the stem and leaves Phloem Vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes in plants; contains sieve-tube members and companion cells. parenchyma •Thin and flexible •synthesis/storage of organic products •photosynthesis •storage collenchyma •flexible support structure •"celery stalk" •living at maturity Sclerenchyma support (lignin) dead at maturity Apical meristems Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots the two lateral/ secondary meristems shown are... cork cambium and vascular cambium -orchestrate secondary growth -outward growth Vascular Cambium Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem Cork Cambium Replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher Co-transport • A transport protein allows the transport of one solute (downhill) to the passage of another (uphill). • Proton is pumped out, + ion moves in to take its place and a solute piggybacks Sapwood Young wood that still transport materials through the xylem. Heartwood Older layers of secondary xylem, no longer transport water or minerals.! Water Potential solute potential + pressure potential= water potential High to low. Symplastic Route

Goes through cytoplasm and membrane channels. Transmembrane Route Route that jumps between cytoplasm and cell wall.! Apoplastic Route •

Route that goes straight through the cell membranes.

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Jumps to cytoplasm when it encounters Kasparian strip

Casparian strip A water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls. Cavitation •

Water freezes in plants and makes air bubbles

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Cohesion of water molecules is broken, xylem are now useless

Stomata (guard cells) Absorb K which brings in H2O to central vacuole, making turgid. They open allowing for transpiration. Cation/Anion Exchange •

Soil is - with K+ attached

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Roots pump out H+ and the K+ moves into cell

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Cotransport

Hydroponic Cultures Mineral solution test used to find essential nutrients Mycorrhizae in Legumes •

Rhizobium

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nodules formed for nitrogen-fixing

Stamen The pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament. connection words- filament and producing Carpel

Stigma Style Ovary Self-Fertilization Prevention Self-incompatibility- rejects its own pollen (S1≠S1S2) Dioecious- Only has stamen or carpel Double Fertilization 1 sperm fuses w/ egg 1 sperm fuses with polar nuclei forming and endosperm Terminal Cell Becomes embryo Basal Cell Produces thread of cells called Suspensor Suspensor Anchors embryo and transfer of nutrients (umbilical cord) Light Experiment Coleoptile detects light and releases Auxin(cell elongation) Cell bends in opposite direction of Auxin Auxin indoleactic acid functional hormone in plant/light bending reaction...