Biology 189 Exam 1 PDF

Preview

Summary

Biology 189 Exam 1...

Description

Bio 189 What are the subatomic particles? Electrons ,neutrons, protons What is the Cell Theory? 1) All organisms are made of cells 2) Cells are the smallest unit of life 3) New cells are formed only by mitosis What is metabolism? extraction and conversion of energy from surroundings; used to maintain organism and allows it to grow and reproduce What is homeostasis? stable internal state resulting in favorable operating conditions inside cell body or organism What are the characteristics of life? 1) Order 2) Reproduction 3) Growth and development 4) Energy Utilization 5) Response to environment 6) Homeostasis 7) Evolutionary adaptation What are the steps of the Scientific Method? 1) Evaluate 2) Hypothesize 3) Test What is an independent variable? variable being tested What is a dependent variable? result of experiment What is the atomic mass? Sum of the number of protons and neutrons What is the atomic number? number of electrons What are the four elements that make up almost all living organisms? Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Where are the protons? nucleus Where are the neutrons? nucleus Where are the electrons? Cloud outside nucleus What are isotopes? same element with different numbers of neutrons What two requirements do atoms want to fill? 1) Electrons like to be paired 2) Orbits to be full What is an ionic bond? Complete transfer of electrons What is a covalent bond?

share of electrons What is a polar covalent bond? uneven sharing of electrons What is a hydrogen bond? Interaction between a negatively charged atom and Hydrogen in which that Hydrogen is already part of a polar covalent bond How many water molecules does it take to form a H bond? 2 What is the strongest bond? Covalent What is the weakest bond? Hydrogen What are the properties of water? 1) Cohesive 2) Hard to change temp 3) Ice floats 4) Solvent of life What is cohesion? attraction of like-molecules What is specific heat? amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram by one degree Why does ice float? 1) Ice is less dense than water 2) At 4 centigrade, every H2O is bonded to 4 of its neighbors, forming a crystal lattice structure 3) Crystal lattice structure moves H2O further apart How is water the "solvent of life"? Dissolves everything with a charge What does a compound have if it doesn't dissolve in water? Repeated string of Carbons and Hydrogens What is an acid? Anything that increases the Hydrogen ion concentration What is a base? Anything that lowers the Hydrogen ion concentration What scale is the ph scale? Base 10 As the pH scale goes to 0, what increases? Amount of Hydrogen ions As the pH scale goes to 14, what increases? Amount of OH What are buffers? Weak acids or bases designed to maintain a constant pH How many bonds does Carbon form? 4 What are enantiomers? biological mirror images What is the formula for Carbohydrates? CxH2xOx What is the Condensation Dehydration Reaction? removal of water and formation of covalent bonds

What is starch? polysacchride in plants What is glycogen? polysacchride in humans What is cellulose? main component of plant cell walls; most abundant polysacchride on the surface of the Earth What does chitin make up? fungi and insect exoskeleton What is the formula for lipids? tons of CH, few of O What are the properties of saturated fatty acids? 1)Max # of hydrogens 2) Single bonds 3) Linear structure 4) solid at room temperature What are the properties of non-saturated fatty acids? 1) Fewer Hydrogens 2) Double bonds 3) Bent structure 4) Liquid at room temperature

Phospholipid What is hydrophilic? Anything with a charge What type of structure do Steroids have? 4-carbon ring What are terpenes? Electron carriers What type of structure do terpenes have? 5-carbon repeating unit

What are the properties of nucleotides? 1) Phosphate 2) 5-carbon sugar 3) Nitrogen-containing base What are the nitrogen-containing bases found in nucleotides? Thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine, cytosine What bases does DNA use? AGTC

What bases does RNA use? AGUC How is DNA used? As a linear info storage system How is RNA used? Makes proteins What are proteins involved in? everything What are proteins made up of? amino acids Where do amino acids differ? R group

Identify the different groups of the amino acid: What do peptide bonds lead to? Hydrogen bonds How many amino acids are needed to make proteins and biological cells? 20 What are the hydrophobic amino acids? Glycine, Leucine, Alamine, Isoleucine, Valine What makes some amino acids hydrophobic? Carbon and Hydrogen in R group What are the hydrophilic amino acids? Glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, argnine, histidine What amino acids are positively charged? histidine, argnine, lysine What amino acids have OH? Serine, threonine, tyrosine

Why are the amino acids that have OH important? Only ones that can have phosphate added to it What is the smallest amino acid? Glycine

What type of structure does cysteine have? Disulfide bridge Why is Proline unique? R group is closed and causes kinks in the structure What solely determines how a protein works?

Its 3D conformation What is a protein's primary structure? sequence of amino acids in a linear arrangement What is a protein's secondary structure? partial folding into either an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet What is the sole bond that stabilized the secondary structure? Hydrogen bonds How is an alpha-helix structured? Spiral How is a beta-pleated sheet structured? Bent How is a tertiary structure stabilized? Every type of bond What structures does every protein have? Primary-tertiary ================================================================== Matt Mahrt bio 189 csn section 1 vocabulary review

System A group of objects (parts) that affect (interact with) one another Emergent Property A property of a whole system that cannot be predicted from the properties of its parts Structure The arrangement of the parts in space Function The ways that different parts affect (interact with) one another Genome All of the DNA in a cell or a group or population of replicators Metabolism Two or more series of chemical reactions that are linked together to form a complex network Membrane A bilayer of special molecules that forms an enclosed compartment Cell A living chemical system that arises from complex, nonlinear interactions among three non living chemical systems Ecology Interactions between a cell and its environment Growth The ability of an organism to increase in size Abiotic environment The non living components of an organisms environment such as temp. And moisture Biotic environment Other species that an organism interacts with such as predators and prey Social environment Other membranes of an organisms own species such as potential mates Natural selection Differential survival, growth, and reproduction among individual organisms that is due to differential abilities to interact with the environment Evolution

A change in the frequencies (percentage or proportions) of replicator sequences within a population of organisms Evolution by natural selection A change in the frequencies of replicator sequences within a population that results from differential survival, growth, and reproduction of individuals within that population Homeostasis The ability of an organisms to keep its internal physical and chemical conditions different than physical and chemical conditions in its environment Reproduction The ability of an organism to reproduce itself in whole or in part Heredity Offspring resemble their parents more than other individuals because they share a large number of replicator sequences Replicator A directional linear molecule that consists of numerous building blocks that are linked together by strong chemical bonds ================================================================= Matt Mahrt bio 189 csn section 2 vocabulary review Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass Chemical element Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances via chemical reactions Chemical compound A substance that is made up of two or more elements in a fixed ration Hydrogen gas which consists of H2 molecules is a... Element Mass number The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom Isotopes Two atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses Atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Energy level The average distance from the nucleus of an electron in an orbital The maximum number of electrons an orbital can contain Two All of the orbitals that have the same energy level is a... Shell The number of electron shells that a sodium atom has.. Three

The number of electrons that an oxygen atom had in its outer most shell Six The number of orbitals in the second shell of a nitrogen atom Four Electronegative Atoms that have a strong attraction for electrons such as oxygen and nitrogen Ion An atom or molecule that has a full electrical charge due to the loss or gain of an electron(s) is Cation An atom that has one more proton than it had electrons Anion An atom that had one more electron than it has protons Non-polar covalent A chemical bond that involves equal sharing of electrons between two atoms Ionic bond A chemical bond formed from the attraction between two ions if opposite charge Polar covalent A chemical bond that involves unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms Molecule Two or more atoms that are linked by a covalent bond A chemical compound formed by ionic bonds is... Salt Collision When two atoms come close enough together that their outer orbitals overlap Chemical reaction The making or breaking of chemical bonds due to collisions between atoms Reaction rate The number of bonds that are made or broken in a specific interval of time Chemical equilibrium At this point, there is no more net change in the concentrations of products and reactants

================================================================== Matt Mahrt bio 189 csn section 3 vocabulary review Polar An emergent property of an individual water molecule Polar covalent

In a single molecule of water, the chemical bonds that bind the oxygen atom to the two hydrogen atoms of Hydrogen In a body of liquid water, the bonds that hold multiple water molecules together In this phase of water, the hydrogen bonds between most water molecules are completely broken, and the movement of individual molecules is not constrained Steam or vapor In this phase of water, every water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four other molecules. In addition these hydrogen bonds are the maximum length possible Ice In the phase of water, hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules are constantly breaking and forming. However, at any instant in time, a single water molecule is typically bonded to 3 or 4 other water molecules. Liquid Cohesion The observation that molecules of water tend to cling together due to numerous, but transient, hydrogen bonds Surface tension The observation that in liquid water. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface of a body of water form an ordered arrangement that makes the surface "hard" Adhesion The observation that water molecules tend to cling to other kinds of polar molecules such as cellulose due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Heat The total kinetic energy of all the molecules in a body of water Temperature The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of water Solution A completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances Solute This substance is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution Hydrophilic Any chemical substance that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and this dissolves well in water Hydrophobic Any chemical substance that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and this does not dissolve well in water Concentration Describes how many molecules of solute there are in a specific volume of solvent Acid This kind of substance increases the concentration of H+ ions when it is added to water Base This kind of substance decreases the concentration of H+ ions when it is added to water ================================================================== Carbon -Although Cells are 70-90% water, the rest is mostly carbon based compounds. - Its tetravalence makes large complex molecules Possible. Carbon compounds

are composed of Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids that distinguish living matter. Organic Chemistry the Study of compounds that contain carbon. organic compounds - Range from Simple molecules to gigantic ones. - Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms. Electron Configuration the key to an atoms characteristics. Tetrahedral Shape Molecules with multiple carbon. Flat Carbon Molecule two carbon atoms Joined by a double bond Carbon Chains form the skeletons of most organic compounds. Hydrocarbon - only contain carbon and Hydrogen. - are always Non-polar - undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy (gasoline, fat molecules). hydrophilic water loving hydrophobic water hating Hydrogen Bond is a temporary attraction that is very weak hydrophobic does not dissolve, non-ionic, non-polar hydrophilic does dissolve, ionic, polar Carbon - The backbone of organic molecules. - Has four valance electrons and can bond to a variety of atoms. Carbon - Can make 4 covalent bonds - Can bond to four other atoms. Chemical Groups (Most important to life Process) Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, sulfhydryl, and Methyl. - their Number and Arrangement give each molecule its unique Properties. Functional Groups the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved chemical reactions. carbon skeletons can be short or long, straight or branched Hydroxyl -OH - is polar and Hydrophilic. Carbonyl

C=O -non-polar

Carboxyl Polar

Amino Polar

Phosphate Polar Sulfhydryl -SH polar

Methyl non-polar isomers Same molecular formulas, different Structures. structural isomers same formula, different shape geometric Isomers same covalent arrangements but differ in Spatial arrangements. enantiomers mirror images of each other Macromolecules - building materials of the body. - Can be very large. - Four Types: 1) carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids - Are assembled from many similar Components Called monomers. carbohydrates - Structural framework of cells and play a critical role In energy storage. •Stored energy in plants •are any molecule that contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio lipids •fats and other molecules not Soluble in water •fats covered from glucose for long term energy storage fats have two subunits 1) Fatty Acids 2) glycerol

nucleic acid dna, rna monomer sub-unit in a macromolecule • is one unit by itself polymer strings of monomers •are assembled the same way

Hydrolysis •Process of disassembling polymers In to component monomers. •is the reverse of condensation (Dehydration). monosaccharides Simple Sugars •Sweet tasting, water soluble •Most have 5 or 6 carbon backbone Ex: Ribose (5c), Deoxyribose (5C), Glucose (6C), Frutcse (6C) Polysaccharides Complex Carbohydrates

•straight or branched Chains of many Sugar monomers •Most common complex carbohydrates are components of glucose, cellulose (plant cell walls)

Disaccharide •formed by condensation reaction (dehydration) •Two monosaccharides covalently bonded •has Glyosidic linkage sucrose is made from: glucose - fructose starch •linkage allows for coiling •Stored energy In Plants Glycogen Stored energy in animals cellulose linkage allows for straight molecules

Triglycerides composed of Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acid chains •each fatty acid are attached to glycerol by condensation (dehydration)

saturates no double bonds (solid, animal fats)

unsaturated double bonds (liquid form, plants) phospholipids •used to form cell membranes •make up the two layers of the membrane cholesterol embeded within the membrane Cellular Membranes Fluid mosaics of lipids and Proteins Proteins Complex macromolecules that are composed of many sub-units called amino acids R groups •Functional group that gives amino acids their chemical Identity •20 different types

amino acid monomer in proteins •found in different categories Ex: 1) non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrocarbons... (9) 2) Polar Uncharged (6) 3) Electrically charged

Peptide bond in proteins

Protein Structure •Order of amino acids is important •Sequence of amino acids affects new protein fits together Primary Structure Sequence or amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Secondary Structure formed from polypeptides that are non-polar •beta pleated Sheet "curtain" • alpha-helix tertiary Structure •Final 3-D Shape of the Protein •final twist and Folds that lead to the Structure quaternary Structure 2 or more... tertiary structures Interacting •spatial arrangement of proteins comprised of more than one polypeptide chain. denaturation breaking of bonds that maintain shape, the causes can be pH, temperature and salt concentration DNA double stranded; genetic blueprint •Sequence of nucleotides that specifies the amino acid of a protein RNA •single stranded; •contains mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA •has Adomine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine nucleotide monomer in nucleic acids

Adenine •double ringed structure • Purine •binds to thymine Thymine •Single ringed •Pyrimidine •binds to Adanine Cytosine •single ringed •Pyrimidine •binds to Guanine Guanine •double ringed •Purine •binds to cytosine nucleus genetic control via dna, makes ribosomes ribosomes site of protein synthesis nucleotide functions •energy molecules •ATP (adenosine Triphosphate) •turns to ADP when it looses a Phosphate • but any blocks for nucleic acids...