BISC 407 Study Guide Key Final PDF

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final study guide for the final exam includes questions...

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BISC 407: Module I Key 1. B (2) 2. E (2) 3. C (2) 4. NT phenotype is hardwired by transcription factor programs in the CNS, while target-derived signals in the periphery drive this decision (2). 5. Overexpression of Trk receptors should not do anything to MN survival, since it the level of neurotrophic factors secreted by muscle that is the rate limiting step (2). 6. A (2) 7. SubVentricular zone and dentate gyrus (2) 8. induced pluripotent stem cells are adult human cells, typically fibroblasts, that are converted to an “embryonic” like state following the introduction of 4 transcription factors. These cells have the potential to become almost any cell type (3). 9: ECM interaction, Cell surface adhesion, Contact inhibition, Axon fasciculation, Chemoattraction, Chemorepulsion (3) 10. D 11. Shh signaling utilizes a combinatorial code of transcription factors to drive cellular differentiation (+2). In contrast, Hox genes are a hierarchical system in which more posterior (or caudal) Hox genes supercede more anterior (or rostral) Hox genes (+2). 12. C and D 13. I would propose to cut a single whisker in the mouse/rat pup and allow the Barrel Cortex to develop normally into adolescence. I would sacrifice the animal and measure the barrels in the cortex. I would predict that the barrel that corresponds to the cut whisker would be smaller than normal, and neighboring barrels would be larger (overtake some of this territory). This suggests that activity is necessary for the barrel to grow and/or be maintained during development. (5) 14. A small imbalance in Delta/Notch signaling between the two cells is established (+1). This promotes a negative feedback loop that amplifies this imbalance through transcriptional network (+2) which ultimately leads to greater delta in one cell and greater Notch in the other (+1). 15A. Neurotransmitter identity is more hardwired in the CNS, while it is more plastic in the PNS (+3). 15B. There is much more cellular diversity in the PNS with a variety of muscles, glands, and sensory systems that need to be innervated. Plasticity in neurotransmitter identity provides the PNS with a tool to adjust to this diversity in targets (3). 16. B 17. B 18. Dendritic morphology/structure/complexity (+1.5) and dendritic tiling (+1.5).

19. The orientation of dendritic growth (+1.5) and axon versus dendrite (+1.5) 20. The frog lashed it’s tongue in the opposite direction of the fly it was trying to capture (+1). This indicated that despite the location of the retinal neurons being in completely opposite areas in comparison to a non-inverted eye, the axon terminals from the inverted eye still found the same areas to synapse with as the non-inverted eye (+3).

Exam II Key 1. Induced pluripotent stem cells. A combination of 4 transcription factors expressed in a differentiated adult cell can “reprogram” the cell to become pluripotent; capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types. 2. C (2) 3. Motor neuron disease; peripheral neuropathy; NMJ disease; myopathy (4) 4A. An electron dense structure that resembles a “T” localized at the center of the active zone (1). 4B. STED imaging revealed BRP puncta were actually “doughnuts” instead of dots. At the center of the BRP doughnut, Voltage-gated calcium channels were found to exist (2). 5. The amount of calcium influx, the number of synaptic vesicles available for release, the localization of SVs near calcium influx (3). 6. Smooth muscle (internal movements, e.g. bloodflow); cardiac muscle (pumping blood); skeletal muscle (moving bones) (3) 7. Action potential conduction along motor nerve; synaptic transmission at NMJ; muscle contraction itself (3) 8. Myesthenia gravis (2). 9. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (3) 10: To homeostatically adjust synaptic strength (there are many other possibilities) (3) 11. Subventricular zone (SVZ) of the dentate gyrus and the olfactory bulb (3) 12. Direct trafficking back to the SV pool and through endosomal intermediates (+1.5 for each; 3) 13. 1) Kiss-and-run: Low intensity stimulation; 2) Clatherin-mediated: normal physiology; 3) Bulk endocytosis: periods of chronic, intensity stimulation (6) 14. Molecules (cell adhesion proteins, axon guidance factors) typically define the general process of axon guidance, target recognition, and synaptogenesis. Activity is dispensable for these major steps, but help to refine the final pattern (involved in pruning away or stabilizing synapses) (3).

15. An autosomal dominant genetic disease that leads to progressive neurodegeneration of key sleep promoting centers of the hypothalamus. Mutations in a gene that confers a “prion-like” protein misfolding is thought to be involved (3)....