Born of Blood and Fire 74-110 PDF

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Name: Isadora Nieman Date: February 24, 2019 Worksheet for Born of Blood and Fire, 74-111 1.

Page 74-76: How did the Bourbon Monarchy (Spanish) and Marquis de Pombal (Portugal) tried to increase the profitability of their colonies? (Hint: This is your own analysis. Include and underline a topic sentence along with three pieces of evidence using your own words.)  By my own analysis, I believe what had happened with how the Bourbon Monarchy and the Marquis of Portugal had done to increase the profitability of their colonies was that they introduced reforms known as the Bourbon reforms that were intended to rationalize and modernize the governance of their dominions overseas, like the Caribbean, and make them act more like colonies. They used this old-fashioned idea by raising the taxes across the board and introduced all kinds of necessities to cover the improved assortment of the existing taxes and try to revamp the framework of colonial administrations. They also used the idea of trading commodities and using their colonial exports of mining and selling clothes brought revenue also to the colonial economies of these countries that they used these reforms on.

2.

Page 76: Define the term creoles (use BBF, don’t look it up on the internet. The internet is wrong in this case) and explain why they were particularly opposed to these changes?  The creoles were people of mixed European heritage, that came from areas of Africa and South America that were of African ancestry. Most of these people existed mostly around the areas of the Caribbean because they lived on the plantations that they worked on, like Haiti and the Dominican Republic, but they also were native-born whites who were living in places affected by the Spanish and French.

3.

Page 78: What was the caste system and how was it different than contemporary U.S. concepts of race?  The caste system is or was a system in which it factored in people’s education, clothing, and wealth to put people into one of 6 categories at the time of baptism. People of low caste systems were prevented from being priests, attending universities, wearing silk, and so on. The categories included European descent, half African/European, Mestizo, and so on.

4.

Page 79: What was a gracias al sacar? Why are they significant?  The gracias al sacar was the legal process of allowing people to be legally “turned white” and then be eligible to occupy positions in governments that made them have higher statuses and authority.

5.

Page 83: Describe the Tupac Amaru II Rebellion.  The Tupac Amaru II Rebellion was one of the most important of colonial rebellions that had shook people of the Andes and had sent repercussions or reactions to those who wanted to control the Inca empire and the Spanish empire. They fought against the anti- “Peninsular” (Iberian Spaniards) and called for the coalition of mestizos, American-born whites, and Native people. This lasted for years that ended up being

more of Native fighting because of how it primarily raged out of control, going over south through the rocky high plateaus of dense indigenous population into Bolivia. Not a question, just a point of thought. Note that on page 88 at the beginning of Chapter 3 Chasteen writes, one might expect those at the bottom to rise up when European control slipped; that did happen in some places, notably Haiti, where slaves literally took over. But the outcome in Spanish America and Brazil were more conservative. In general, the white people at the top of the social hierarchy stayed there, while blacks and indigenous people stayed at the bottom. Think about this as you read the chapter. 6.

Page 89-91: Chasteen argues that Spanish America was facing a number of difficulties after 1788. Explain three.  Spanish America faced a number of difficulties and the top three I found was that because of the calamitous reign of an incompetent king, Carlos IV, who had shirked his royal responsibilities and had left governing to a hated minister who had widely believed to be the queen’s lover, and because of this misrule had been combined with a series of costly wars to bankrupt the Spanish state during the 1700’s, the bankruptcy of the Crown led to higher taxes that were in a high state of command and of highly unpopular government foreclosure of long-term loans. Worse, war with England, beginning in 1796 and lasting off and on, for the next decade, meant confronting the world’s most powerful navy.

7.

Page 90: Define popular sovereignty and explain its significance.  “Popular Sovereignty” is part of the seven principles that an authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people. The significance of this was that during this time, liberalism was the term they used, which was a cluster of political ideas, emphasizing liberties of various civil, political, and economic kinds. Latin American liberalism focused on European and later, U.S. models.

8.

Page 91-92: Who was King João? What dramatic action did he take in the face of Napoleon’s invasion?  King João was the King of Portugal or in an inclination, Brazil. His court became the political center of the Portuguese-speaking world, and the people of Rio, who never disapproved of the glamour, were delighted to have it there. IN the face of Napoleon’s invasion, João began to invest in trading goods between his country to everybody around the world.

9.

Page 93: Define cabildo abiertos and explain their significance to the development of independence movements.  “cabildo abiertos” was a special mode of assembly for the people or inhabitants of Latin American cities during the colonial period, that was in case of natural disasters or in case of emergencies. The significance of “cabildo abiertos” is that during or at the beginning of the Spanish wars of Independence, cabildo abiertos played a decisive revolutionary role, acting as instruments of popular participation, as they were able to

remove the colonial authorities and establish a new independent self-governing government. 10.

Page 93-95: Define the terms peninsulares and explain why the majority of people would have more reasons to resent that creoles than the peninsulares.  “Peninsulares” is a Spanish term for an Iberian-Spanish resident that lives in the New World during Independence. The problem or conflict between Peninsulares and native-born Creoles became important at this time. Because of the nastiness between Creoles and the Peninsulars, they often had fought each other socially and had grown resentful of them because of how the Spanish Peninsulars had preferred the means of imperial rule, and often gained more important high power in the government over their American-born Creole cousins which made the Creole people resentful of how much power the Peninsulars were given over themselves.

11.

Page 95-97: Identify and explain the significance of Father Miguel Hidalgo and Father José Maria Morelos and explain three of their goals.  “Father Miguel Hidalgo” was a Creole priest and a reader of banned French books who also studied indigenous languages and openly defied the Catholic rule of sexual abstinence for the clergy.  “Father José Maria Moreles” was too a priest, but a modest and practical one, unlike the grandiose visionary Hidalgo. He was not Creole at all, but a mestizo and a more able leader in every way. His army was well-organized, and his main goals were clear: an end to slavery. In 1811, he joined Miguel Hidalgo's rebellion, and, after Hidalgo's death, he took command of the movement in southern Mexico. Between 1812 and 1815 he controlled most of Mexico southwest of Mexico City. He called the Congress of Chilpancingo in 1813 to form a government. In that November, the congress declared Mexico's independence.

12.

Page 99: Give two reasons that Argentina was one of the first regions to declare independence.  Two reasons for how Argentina was one of the first places to be declared independent was because of how much the Argentine revolutionary junta had an easier time gaining military dominance, and the patriot advantage that they had when the Spanish and British were enemies before the during years of 1806 and 1807 two expeditions landed in the viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata and were defeated by local militias, not the Peninsulars and the Creole people had gained the upper hand to fighting against invaders when Spain was dealing with Napoleon. Another reason was that by 1810, Peninsular control had ended for good in Buenos Aires, though other viceroyalties of the Rio de la Plata didn’t follow the actions of Buenos Aires, they had people who resented the Creole people controlling them from the Capital, and with the wars of independence, it consisted made fighting between the armies from Buenos Aires on the other hand and provincial armies, maybe royal or patriot on the other, more often to make independence happen quickly than ever.

13.

Page 104: Identify and explain the significance of Augustín de Iturbide. How is he different than Father Miguel Hidalgo and Father Jose Maria Morelos?  “Augustín de Iturbide”: was a Creole army commander that began to parlay with the guerrillas. His contact on the patriot side was Vicente Guerrero, a mestizo and man of the people. When Iturbide and Guerrero joined forces, the independence of Mexico was at hand.

14.

Page 104: Identify and explain the significance of Simón Bolívar. (What is his background? Rich? Poor? Creole? Peninsular? Caste? Indigenous? Where is he from? Etc.).  Simón Bolívar was an important leader of the Spanish independence, who was known as “the Liberator”, who began his string of triumphs in 1817. Bolívar had participated in the Venezuelan independence struggle from the start. He was more of a

15.

Page 105: Identify and explain the significance of José San Martín. (What is his background? Rich? Poor? Creole? Peninsular? Caste? Indigenous? Where is he from? Etc.).  “José San Martín” was an Argentine general and was the prime leader of the southern part of Latin America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.

16.

Bolivar and San Martin have a number of similarities in their background and upbringing. What generalizations can you make about leaders of independence movements in Latin America?  Being the Liberator that Bolívar was, began his major triumphs in 1817, where he had participated in the Venezuelan independence struggle from the start and the early defeat of patriot forces by the Ilaneros had been Bolívar’s personal defeat because he was sure to be able to fight for his country and because of his main military background, he had a physical prowess that allowed him to have strength and intellectual American nativism that had attracted Ilaneros where this Caracas aristocrat that all of the cowboys could follow and respect, that had caused them to start moving momentum from Ilaneros to a more patriot cause. This had caused him to move his army from the Orinoco plains during the rainy season of August 1819, climbing the Andes and make the surprise of being there cause the Spanish forces from behind, making them surrender Bogota to Bolívar at that moment.

17.

Page 105-110: Chasteen argues that many aspects of society did not change after Independence. Do you agree or disagree with this argument? (To answer this question, you should develop and underline a thesis statement and provide at least three points of specific evidence.)  Chasteen does argue that many aspects of society have not changed after independence but, in many instances, they had changed but hardly. Latin American women, for example, would find new republics nearly as patriarchal as the old colonies even though they had fought hard for independence and often died for it because Patriot women became powerful symbols of society, like the Andean women had led it back in 1780s like Manuela Beltrán who stepped over the overstepping taxes, destroying it,

and having it be further destructed by society, or those who were killed by Spaniard Peninsulars because they were Peninsulars like Juana Azurduy’s where after this incident had joined a convent and was expelled for marrying an indigenous person in their culture. Because of the wars of independence, it had provided stories of patriotic heroism to inspire future generations to do the same, but in the aftermath of the wars, many leaders became disillusioned like Bolívar had seen that Spanish Americans did not understand their own interests and had become an authoritarian, mostly accomplishing nothing before his death. But also immediate change was not the measure of independence but it had helped the long term impact that was more important because wherever patriot cause had led mass mobilization, it had helped lead fighters of ingenious culture, African or mixed blood to gain political power and prominence because of the old hierarchies lost their clear public justification in new republics with liberal institutions and gave independence to people like the leaders of Mexico to Argentina who had fought vigorously and were now given the choice of governing a new nation....