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Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis Multiple-Choice Questions 1. A. B. C. D. E.

Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT that the United States was destined by God and history to expand in size. the United States should create a vast new “empire of liberty.” United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada. the growth of the United States was not selfish but altruistic. None of these answers is correct, as all of these were beliefs encompassed by the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Answer: C Page: 349-350 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 2. In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United States A. enjoyed considerable political support. B. found their greatest support in the “penny press.” C. warned it would increase the controversy over slavery. D. warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 341 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 3. President James K. Polk A. entered office with very few concrete plans about what he wanted to achieve. B. helped his candidacy for office by expressing a desire to re-annex Texas. C. had not held any significant electoral office before becoming president. D. opposed the occupation of Oregon. E. was generally a pacifist, but was ultimately pushed into faster occupation of the West. Answer: B Page: 347 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West

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4. In the 1820s, most of the settlers from the United States who migrated to Texas were A. white southerners and their slaves. B. white northerners. C. free blacks. D. Far West whites. E. recently-arrived European immigrants. Answer: A Page: 342 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 5. In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico A. consistently opposed American immigration into Texas. B. consistently favored American immigration into Texas. C. remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas. D. moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas. E. moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas. Answer: E Page: 342 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 6. In 1836, an attack by Mexican forces on the Alamo mission A. saw the American garrison executed after it had surrendered. B. saw the death of Davy Crockett. C. began the Mexican War. D. led Americans in Texas to proclaim their independence from Mexico. E. was a surprising victory for American forces in Texas. Answer: B Page: 342 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 7. In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto A. was a victory for General Santa Anna. B. saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops. C. resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin. D. led to independence for Texas. E. saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner. Answer: D Page: 342 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West

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8. In 1836, Texas did not immediately join the United States in part because A. Congress feared that giving statehood to Texas might lead to war with Mexico. B. the American leadership in Texas delayed in applying for statehood. C. President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions. D. England had forged its own political ties to Texas. E. Texas settlers overwhelmingly did not want to be part of the United States. Answer: C Page: 342-343 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 9. In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest A. remained the center of the French fur-trading empire. B. was primarily occupied by Great Britain. C. contained many more English settlers than Americans. D. was of little interest to the American government. E. included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease. Answer: E Page: 343 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 10. Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generally A. relatively young people who traveled in family groups. B. over the age of thirty. C. from the eastern seaboard states. D. wealthy. E. domestic servants and prostitutes. Answer: A Page: 344 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 11. Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails? A. Independence, Missouri B. Cedar Rapids, Iowa C. Ames, Iowa D. St. Louis, Missouri E. Kansas City, Missouri Answer: A Page: 344 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West

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12. Between 1840 and 1860, most migrants traveling west on the overland trails A. experienced frequent Indian attacks, which was a leading cause of death. B. usually faced trips that lasted between two to three months. C. rode in wagons much more than they walked on foot. D. found the journey to be a very collective experience. E. saw men generally working harder during the trip than women. Answer: D Page: 346 Topic: Texas, Oregon, and Life in the West 13. The presidential election of 1844 A. was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren. B. was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists. C. was won by a Democrat. D. saw a northerner win the presidency. E. was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler. Answer: C Page: 347 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 14. In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of A. Oregon. B. Texas. C. Cuba. D. Oregon and Texas. E. Cuba and Texas. Answer: D Page: 347 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 15. As president, James K. Polk A. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute. B. refused the Texas claim to territory that included much of modern New Mexico. C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54°40ʹ parallel. D. won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 347 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War

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16. In 1845, the immediate cause of war with Mexico was A. a dispute over territory. B. tariffs. C. Mexico’s debt to the United States. D. the issue of slavery. E. the Alamo. Answer: A Page: 348 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 17. The Mexican War resulted in large part from A. the United States provoking Mexico to fight. B. Mexico provoking the United States to fight. C. Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces. D. Mexican forces attacking Americans in California. E. Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces. Answer: A Page: 348 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 18. During the Mexican War, A. President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico. B. American settlers in California staged a revolt with the help of the United States navy. C. victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated. D. the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico. E. President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives. Answer: B Page: 348-350 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 19. The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was A. Zachary Taylor’s taking of Monterrey. B. the Bear Flag revolution in California. C. Stephen Kearny’s capture of Santa Fe. D. Winfield Scott’s seizure of Mexico City. E. Nicholas Trist’s diplomatic maneuvering. Answer: D Page: 350 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War

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20. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States A. officially acquired only Texas. B. gave up rights to California (for a time) in exchange for New Mexico and Texas. C. established an open border with Mexico. D. established an American protectorate over Mexico. E. agreed to pay millions to Mexico. Answer: E Page: 350 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 21. When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he A. readily accepted the treaty. B. faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico. C. angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions. D. made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City. E. became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories. Answer: C Page: 350 Topic: Expansion Under Polk and the Mexican War 22. In the 1840s, regional critics of President James K. Polk claimed his policies favored the A. North. B. South. C. East. D. West. E. Northwest. Answer: B Page: 351 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 23. The Wilmot Proviso A. banned all slavery west of the Mississippi River. B. passed in the House and was signed into law. C. overturned the Missouri Compromise. D. was an appropriation to pay for peace with Mexico. E. prohibited slavery in any land acquired from Mexico. Answer: E Page: 351 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850

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24. When it came to the issue of the extension of slavery, President James K. Polk favored A. an extension of the Missouri Compromise. B. popular sovereignty. C. free soil. D. abolitionism. E. the Wilmot Proviso. Answer: A Page: 351 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 25. In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the A. Liberty Party. B. Know-Nothing Party. C. Free-Soil Party. D. Republican Party. E. Whig Party. Answer: C Page: 351 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 26. In the California gold rush, A. most of the participants were seasoned miners. B. a majority of the participants found some quantities of gold. C. upwards of ninety-five percent of the “Forty-niners” were men. D. few of the participants ended up staying in California. E. Chinese immigrants who arrived were unable to find work. Answer: C Page: 351 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 27. The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush A. typically planned to remain permanently in the state. B. usually came with their families. C. more often worked as merchants than miners. D. had aspirations similar to those of American participants. E. found themselves banned from working in the mines. Answer: D Page: 351 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850

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28. As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, A. Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve. B. California had a large surplus of labor. C. California had a very diverse population. D. California had a population larger than any state in the Union. E. California became virulently antislavery. Answer: C Page: 352 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 29. In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California A. as a free state. B. as a slave state. C. with no determination on the issue of slavery. D. as a territory. E. as two separate states, one slave and one free. Answer: A Page: 353 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 30. The admission of California into the United States was a divisive national issue because A. westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before California. B. California’s entry would upset the nation’s numerical balance of free and slave states. C. most Californians opposed entry into the United States. D. California adopted a constitution that allowed slavery. E. lawmakers believed California gold would upset the currency and cause inflation. Answer: B Page: 353 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 31. During the debate on the Compromise of 1850, A. Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise. B. John C. Calhoun called for southern secession if California were admitted as a free state. C. Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state. D. Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate. E. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died. Answer: E Page: 353 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850

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32. The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the admission of California A. as a slave state. B. along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act. C. along with an agreement to construct a transcontinental railroad. D. with the agreement that there would be no additional states added for ten years. E. as a free state, along with Utah and New Mexico as slave states. Answer: B Page: 353 Topic: Growing Sectional Tensions and the Compromise of 1850 33. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act A. intensified the debate over slavery. B. upset southerners as much as northerners. C. was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise. D. upset southerners as much as northerners, but was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 34. In the election of 1852, A. neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. B. the Free-Soil Party gained strength. C. the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate. D. the Whigs were united. E. the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. Answer: B Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 35. In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some northern states A. called for secession from the South. B. proposed a national referendum on the slave issue. C. passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves. D. forbid fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state. E. began actively funding the underground railroad. Answer: C Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s

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36. In the 1850s, the “Young America” movement A. called for a national resolution of the slave controversy. B. supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world. C. was promoted by Whigs. D. called for a constitutional ban on slavery. E. believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion. Answer: B Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 37. The 1854 Ostend Manifesto A. enraged southern slaveowners. B. was directed at limiting England’s influence in the Caribbean. C. was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba. D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery. E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands. Answer: C Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 38. In the 1850s, the issue of slavery complicated the proposal to build a transcontinental railroad, as A. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor. B. non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route. C. British banks refused to help fund the project as long as slavery existed in the United States. D. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor, and British banks refused to help fund the projects as long as slavery existed in the U.S. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 39. The 1853 Gadsden Purchase A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South. B. was made with England. C. advanced the cause of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad. D. fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War. E. cost the United States government $25 million. Answer: C Page: 355 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s

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40. Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE? A. It divided and destroyed the Whig Party. B. It led to the creation of the Republican Party. C. It created two new territories. D. It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise. E. It was sponsored by Henry Clay. Answer: E Page: 356 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 41. The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the A. Republican Party. B. Know-Nothings. C. Populist Party. D. Abolitionist Party. E. Jayhawk Party. Answer: A Page: 356 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 42. In the mid-1850s, the struggle over Kansas saw A. President Franklin Pierce oppose pro-slavery settlers in the territory. B. John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers. C. the Missouri legislature ban its own citizens from entering Kansas. D. federal troops take military control of the region. E. a large antislavery posse sack the pro-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. Answer: B Page: 356 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 43. The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate A. was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given. B. was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives. C. was strongly condemned in the South. D. resulted in Sumner’s death from his injuries weeks later. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 357 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s

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44. The ideology of Free-Soil included A. opposition to the expansion of slavery. B. a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible. C. the use of military force to suppress slavery. D. the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks. E. an argument for black male suffrage. Answer: A Page: 357 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 45. Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT that A. southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers. B. blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves. C. slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully. D. black codes protected slaves from abuse. E. the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world. Answer: D Page: 358 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 46. In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery was A. likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years. B. a “necessary evil.” C. a “positive good.” D. likely to end in the United States within fifty years. E. the “American way of life.” Answer: C Page: 358 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 47. The first Republican candidate for president was A. James Buchanan. B. Stephen Douglas. C. Abraham Lincoln. D. Millard Fillmore. E. John C. Frémont. Answer: E Page: 358 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s

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48. The election of 1856 saw A. no significant third party in the field. B. the Whig Party make a strong comeback. C. the Democrats elect a young and forceful pro-slavery leader. D. former president Millard Fillmore in the running. E. the Republicans run against the idea of internal improvements. Answer: D Page: 358 Topic: Sectional Crises of the 1850s 49. The Supreme Court ruling in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) held...