Business Ethics - Module 4 PDF

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Business Ethics andSocial ResponsibilityQuarter 3 – Module 4:Philosophies Influencing OurBusiness PracticesBusiness Ethics and Social Responsibility – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 4: Philosophies Influencing Our Business Practices First Edition, 2020Republic Act 8293, sectio...

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Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Quarter 3 – Module 4: Philosophies Influencing Our Business Practices

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Business Ethics and Social Responsibility – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 4: Philosophies Influencing Our Business Practices First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Quarter 1 – Module 4: Philosophies Influencing Our Business Practices

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Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to selfcheck your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.

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What I Need to Know

The fast-growing economy of the Philippines presents several opportunities for entrepreneurs. Companies can learn from the techniques used by Greek philosophers to achieve success in business. As you go through this module, you will learn about the classical philosophies for business practices. Therefore, you are expected to: 1. identify the classical philosophers and their philosophies; 2. make a graphic organizer about classical philosophies; and 3. explain how each philosophy reflects into business practices.

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What I Know

Directions: Based on your life’s experiences, cite things/principles you consider in your decision-making in five aspects below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Love _____ Education _____ Family _____ Friends _____ Money _____

Rubrics: Unity of ideas Clarity of explanation Mechanics

4 points 4 points 2 points 10 points

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Lesson

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Classical Philosophies Reflecting into Business Practices

What’s In Directions: Define the following words and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Ethics __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Code of Ethics __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Notes to the Teacher / Facilitator This module aims to make the students realize that classical philosophies influence business practices. Students are expected to relate and hone their decisions based on the understanding of the different philosophies.

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What’s New

Directions: Draw things, people, or anything that defines your own “happiness”. Below the drawing, write a short description or explanation about it. Use a separate sheet of bond paper.

Rubrics: Unity of ideas Clarity of explanation Mechanics

4 points 4 points 2 points 10 points

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What is It

The Classical Philosophers and Philosophies and Their Implications on Business

1. Socrates (469-399 BCE)- “The Gad-fly at the Marketplace” is one of the few individuals whom one could say have shaped the cultural and intellectual development of the world for without him, history would be profoundly different. This is Socrates’s philosophical idea: “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates pointed out that human choice was motivated by the desire for happiness. Socrates thought of the Entrepreneurs. The Socratic Method is a way of thinking that allows individuals to define their own purpose of learning and exploring its purpose through open-minded questioning of what they hold to be true. Socrates insisted on a right to think of ourselves by introducing the philosophical concept, “Dare to Disagree”. 2. Plato – “The Philosopher-King” is one of the world’s best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. He wrote in the middle of the 4th Century BCE in ancient Greece. This is Plato’s philosophical idea: “Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.” Plato maintains a virtue-based eudemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê: excellence) are the requisite skills and dispositions needed to attain it.

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3. Aristotle – “All or Nothing” (384-322 BCE) is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, contributing to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theater. These are some of Aristotle’s philosophical ideas: “Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim, and end of human existence.” “Let people seek fulfillment.” The word happiness in ethics is a translation of the Greek term “eudaimonia” which connotes success and fulfillment. For Aristotle, this happiness is our highest goal. In relation to business, Aristotle concludes that the role of the leader is to create an environment in which all members of an organization can realize their potential.

4. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). “Duty based Ethics”. He is one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western Philosophy. He was not concerned with the consequences of one’s actions or the harm caused to one’s individual interests. Instead, he is focused on motives and the willingness of individuals to act for the good of others, even if the action might result to personal loss. Doing something for the right reason was more important to Kant than any particular outcome. For example, business ethics is littered with cases of companies that have suffered damaging crises due to their leaders’ lack of commitment to act based on goodwill and about what benefits others. 5. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill- “Utilitarianism” revolves around the concept of “the end justifies the means”. It believes that outcomes, as a result of an action have a greater value compared to the latter. Utilitarianism is a philosophy or belief suggesting that an action is morally right when the majority of people benefit from it. Also, the doctrine that an action is right as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that advocates actions that promote overall happiness or pleasure and reject actions that cause unhappiness or harm. A utilitarian philosophy, when directed to making social, economic, or political decisions, aims for the betterment of society.

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What’s More

A. Directions: Write the business philosophies of each philosopher in the table below. The first one is done for you. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Philosophers

Business Philosophies The unexamined life is not worth living.

Socrates Plato Aristotle Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

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What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentences below and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I have learned that Aristotle’s philosophy influences business practices in __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ I have learned that Plato’s philosophy influences business practices in __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ I have learned that Socrates’ philosophy influences business practices in __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ I have learned that Immanuel Kant’s philosophy influences business practices in __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ I have learned that Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill’s philosophies influence business practices in __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics: Correctness of answer Clarity of explanation Mechanics

4 points 4 points 2 points 10 points

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What I Can Do Directions: Give a situation that shows the implication of each philosophy in business. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Aristotle’s philosophy Plato’s philosophy Socrates’ philosophy Immanuel Kant’s philosophy Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill’s philosophy

Rubrics: Correctness of answer Clarity of explanation Mechanics

4 points 4 points 2 points 10 points

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Assessment

A. Directions: Fill-in the given graphic organizer about the famous philosophers and their philosophies you have learned (10pts). Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

B. Directions: Identify whose philosophy is described in each number. Choose your answers from the box. Write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet of paper. a. Aristotle d. Immanuel Kant

b. Plato c. Socrates e. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

____11. Motives and the willingness of individuals to act for the good of others, even though that action might result to personal loss. ____12. The role of the leader is to create an environment in which all members of an organization can realize their own potential. ____13. Happiness or well-being is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct. ____14. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that advocates actions that promote overall happiness or pleasure and rejects actions that cause unhappiness or harm. ____15. We have the right to think of ourselves.

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Additional Activities

Directions: Cite some life experiences where you can relate one of the discussed philosophies. Write your answers in paragraph form on a separate sheet of paper.

Rubrics: Unity of ideas Clarity of explanation Mechanics

4 points 4 points 2 points 10 points

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12 What I Know Answers may vary

What’s In Answers may vary

What’s New Answers may vary

What’s More Answers may vary

What I Have Learned Answers may vary

What I Can Do Answers may vary

Assessment 1-10 Answers may vary 11. d 12. a 13. b 14. e 15. c

Additional Activities Answers may vary

Answer Key moc.topsgolb.hpshs.www

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References Coggle. n.d. "Foundation Of The Principles Their Implication On Business". Coggle. Retrieved from https://coggle.it/diagram/WiDxGe2npwAB1zf2/t/foundation-of-theprinciples-their-implication-on-business.

Driver, Julia. 2014. The History of Utilitarianism. Retrieved https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/

from

Duignan, Brian. 2020. Utilitarianism. Retrieved https://www.britannica.com/topic/utilitarianism-philosophy.

from

McCartney, Steve & Parent, Rick. 2015. Ethics in Law Enforcement. BCCampus. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/businessethicsopenstax/chapter/deont ology-ethicsas-duty/.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Region III, Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS) Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan Telefax: (047) 237-2102 Email Address: [email protected]...