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cplusplus.com

C++ Language Tutorial

Written by: Juan Soulié Last revision: June, 2007

Available online at:

 The online version is constantly revised and may contain corrections and changes

T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

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 

T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

Table of contents Table of contents ...............................................................................................................................3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................5 Instructions for use ................................................................................................................................... 5 Basics of C++ ......................................................................................................................................7 Structure of a program ............................................................................................................................. 7 Variables. Data Types.............................................................................................................................. 11 Constants ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Operators ................................................................................................................................................ 21 Basic Input/Output.................................................................................................................................. 29 Control Structures ............................................................................................................................ 34 Control Structures................................................................................................................................... 34 Functions (I) ............................................................................................................................................ 41 Functions (II) ........................................................................................................................................... 47 Compound data types ...................................................................................................................... 54 Arrays ...................................................................................................................................................... 54 Character Sequences .............................................................................................................................. 60 Pointers ................................................................................................................................................... 63 Dynamic Memory.................................................................................................................................... 74 Data structures........................................................................................................................................ 77 Other Data Types .................................................................................................................................... 82 Object Oriented Programming.......................................................................................................... 86 Classes (I)................................................................................................................................................. 86 Classes (II) ............................................................................................................................................... 95 Friendship and inheritance ................................................................................................................... 100 Polymorphism ....................................................................................................................................... 107 Advanced concepts ........................................................................................................................ 113 Templates.............................................................................................................................................. 113 Namespaces .......................................................................................................................................... 120 Exceptions ............................................................................................................................................. 123 Type Casting .......................................................................................................................................... 127

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 

T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

Preprocessor directives......................................................................................................................... 133 C++ Standard Library ...................................................................................................................... 138 Input/Output with files ......................................................................................................................... 138

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 

T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

Introduction

      ! " #  "!! $$!"    %&   '()"&

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 $$ 



 

T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

'. 

*

 

T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

Basics of C++

 7    ! 8 Hello World! // my first program in C++ #include using namespace std; int main () { cout   4{}6;  $

2

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T he C++ L angua ge Tutoriaal

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

02

= *= /= %= += .= >>= A/ ;&!!   ! "..n;   4n6 &4n>06   8 !n 0!&     

 "8 do statement while (condition); "$!$condition& $ !$statementcondition =$!$ 0 // number echoer #include using namespace std; int main () { unsigned long n; do { cout > n; cout title ;#8 (*pmovie).title B$pmovie.>title(*pmovie).title   title pmovie" 8 *pmovie.title #8 *(pmovie.title) '  title % pmovie4 6?    8

53

 

T he C++ L anguagge T utoriaal

86 E$ 87$   ,   % &N  ,   %  4E6  E  @    % E4 6

 )   struct movies_t { string title; int year; }; struct friends_t { string name; string email; movies_t favorite_movie; } charlie, maria; friends_t * pfriends = &charlie; '$8 charlie.name maria.favorite_movie.title charlie.favorite_movie.year pfriends.>favorite_movie.year 4! !$ 6

50

 

T he C++ L anguagge T utoriaal

) &(  $; typedef!8 typedef existing_type new_type_name ; existing_typenew_type_name =$8 typedef typedef typedef typedef

char C; unsigned int WORD; char * pChar; char field [50];

"8C!WORD!pCharfieldchar!unsigned int!char* char[50]!8 C mychar, anotherchar, *ptc1; WORD myword; pChar ptc2; field name; typedef"$ myword  WORDunsigned int!  typedef #"  ! 

B K ! "  8 union union_name { member_type1 member_name1; member_type2 member_name2; member_type3 member_name3; . . } object_names; 'union"? =$8

5

 

T he C++ L anguagge T utoriaal

union mytypes_t { char c; int i; float f; } mytypes; 8 mytypes.c mytypes.i mytypes.f )! ;   =$8 union mix_t { long l; struct { short hi; short lo; } s; char c[4]; } mix;  8mix.l!mix.smix.c  !long&! shortchar!"$! =47 6! 8

 $     

* ""!      =$!  8

5

 

T he C++ L anguagge T utoriaal

  struct { struct { char title[50]; char title[50]; char author[50]; char author[50]; union { union { float dollars; float dollars; int yens; int yens; }; } price; } book; } book;   4price6 dollars yens %= %! 8 book.price.dollars book.price.yens  %! 8 book.dollars book.yens " ! dollarsyens  + price!  

8&( A "8 enum enumeration_name { value1, value2, value3, . . } object_names; =$! color8...