C165 Integrated Physical Sciences PDF

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Integrated Physical Sciences – CModule 1: Introduction to Physical Science Chemistry - the study of the properties and interactions of substances physics - study of forces, energy, and motion. Earth science - study of other planets, Earth scientists primarily investigate Earth's past and current str...

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Integrated Physical Sciences – C165 Module 1: Introduction to Physical Science Chemistry- the study of the properties and interactions of substances physics- study of forces, energy, and motion. Earth science- study of other planets, Earth scientists primarily investigate Earth's past and current structure, composition, magnetic and gravitational fields, volcanic and seismic activity, weather, climate, and similar topics physical science- the study of non-living systems astronomy- space controlled experiment- when they want to find out how changing one thing causes something else to change; a scientist intentionally changes one quantity and observes how another quantity changes independent variable- the one that is being changed by the experimenter dependent variable- the one that changes because of the independent variable control variable- do not wish to study need to be either eliminated or kept constant observational study- the systems are observed as they appear in nature and researchers do not attempt to change them. Because observational studies usually take place in uncontrolled environments, hidden variables are not measured and may suggest relationships between the studied variables where none exist laboratory experimentphysical model- physical object, can be touched conceptual model- visualize things that cannot be seen, such as atoms, drawing. mathematical model- models, pertinent physical characteristics are represented using formulas, graphs, or other mathematical means computer model- becoming increasingly important in explaining and predicting natural phenomena, such as weather patterns and the detailed movements of objects in the solar system. Today's computers allow scientists to create more detailed and complex models than ever before. principle of falsification- hat only falsifiable statements can be subject to scientific inquiry. A statement such as “a rock falls because invisible demons pull it down” is not falsifiable, because no conceivable experiment or observation could prove that invisible demons are not pulling it. It is capable of being shown untrue. hypothesis- a testable statement about how something in nature works; theory- a concise statement that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments and describes a widespread pattern in nature. Laws are intended to be universal. law- a concise statement that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments and describes a widespread pattern in nature. Laws are intended to be universal. scientific investigation-

Module 2: Units & Measurement— SI system- amperes for electric current, candela for light intensity, and moles for amount of substance base quantities- measured with the SI system: amperes for electric current, candela for light intensity, and moles for amount of substance. While these measurements are important in their fields, we will not be using these base quantities in this course. time-interval between two events, second, s Length-distance between two points, meter, m Mass- amount of matter in an object, kilogram, kg Temperature- the quantity that tells us how hot something is, kelvin, K GramMeterLitersecond, Kelvin, Mega- M , 1,000,000 Kilo- k 1000 Deci – d 0.1 Centi- c .01 milli- m .001 micro- u .000001 nano- n .00000001 derived units- density and volume, The density of an object is obtained by dividing its mass by its volume. triple-beam balancegraduated cylinderdirect relationship- between two variables exists when an increase of one variable results in an increase of the other, or a decrease of one results in a decrease of the other. inverse relationship- between two variables is when one increases and the other decreases, or when one decreases and the other increases.

Module 3: Force & Motion— Speed- object describes how fast it is moving. If you travel a large distance in a small amount of time, you have a high speed, and if you travel a small distance in a large amount of time, you have a low speed. Speed is equal to the distance traveled divided by the time needed to cover that distance. So, speed has units of distance per unit time, such as meters per second (m/s), miles per hour (mi/hr or mph), or kilometers per second (km/s). Velocity- its speed and direction. In everyday conversation, people use the word velocity and speed interchangeably. In physics, however, speed and velocity have different, but related, meanings. Speed tells you how fast something is moving. Velocity tells you how fast and in what direction it is moving. Acceleration- is a change in an object's velocity Force- is a push or a pull. It has essentially the same meaning in physics as the everyday meaning of the word. That definition works because we understand from daily experience what pushing or pulling feels like.

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opposing forcesnet forcebalanced forces- Forces that combine to produce a net force of zero are called balanced forces. Balanced forces cannot cause an object to accelerate. unequal forcesNewton’s 1st Law of Motion- says that the net force on an object is the cause of its acceleration. If there is no net force, there is no acceleration, and the object’s velocity will remain constant. If that velocity is zero, meaning the object is at rest, it stays at rest. If it is moving, it continues moving in a straight line at the same velocity. If we see an object accelerating then Newton’s first law tells us that there must be a nonzero force acting on it. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion- Force equals mass times acceleration Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion- states that whenever one object (the hand, in this case) exerts a force on a second object (the block), the second object exerts a force of the same magnitude in the opposite direction on the first object. Newton’s third law deals with what each force does to its source. When something pushes the object, the object pushes back! The distinction is illustrated in the diagram. Mass- a measure of the amount of “stuff” (or matter) in something Inertia-The tendency to keep the same motion—that is, to remain at rest or maintain the same velocity Module 4: Friction, Gravity, & Momentum— Friction- the force that opposes the motion of an object on which it acts. Gravity- an attractive force. In other words, gravity always acts to pull objects closer to each other. As far as we know, gravity exists between any two objects in the universe. Momentumkinetic friction- the force of friction between two objects that are moving against each other. static friction- occurs between two objects that are touching each other but not moving against each other.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation- the force of gravity between any two objects is directly proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Law of Conservation of Momentum- when two or more objects collide. In other words, when objects collide, momentum may be transferred from one object to another, but total momentum within the group of objects will stay the same linear momentum- the mass of an object times its velocity. The more momentum an object has, the more force it takes to stop it. Elasticity- But when a bug hits a windshield, it doesn’t bounce, it sticks. The amount of bounce that an object has after a collision depends on a property Inelastic- totally inelastic, which occur when objects stick together after the collision Module 5: Conservation of Energy— Work- use of energy; energy that is being used or converted. potential energy- Energy that is stored kinetic energy- energy objects have because they are moving force,joulesgravitational potential energychemical potential energy, elastic potential energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, thermal energy, Law of Conservation of Energy, energy transfer Module 6: Properties of Waves— Wave a repeating and periodic disturbance (oscillation) that travels from one location to another, transferring energy. mechanical wave- Mechanical waves can travel only through matter. In other words, they require a medium to transport the energy of the wave. electromagnetic waveradio wave- he longest wavelengths of all EM radiation. Radio wavelengths range from a few meters to millions of meters or more. Microwave- wavelengths that are shorter than those of radio waves. The wavelengths range from a few decimeters to a fraction of a centimeter. infrared wave- wavelengths that are longer than those of visible light, but shorter than those of microwaves. Consequently, infrared frequencies are higher than those of microwaves, but lower than those of visible light.

visible light- a very small portion of the EM spectrum. It includes all of the wavelengths of light that the average unaided human eye can detect. ultraviolet wave- wavelengths that are just shorter than those of visible violet light, but longer than those of X-rays. UV wavelengths are comparable to the size of molecules. The frequencies are about 10 to 100 times greater than those of visible light. The greatest source of UV radiation on the earth is the sun. Ultraviolet radiation is invisible to the human eye. However, some insects, birds, and reptiles can see it. x-ray- wavelengths that are shorter than UV rays but longer than gamma rays. X-rays therefore have higher frequencies and higher energies than ultraviolet radiation. gamma wave- are produced in nuclear reactions and explosions of giant stars. Gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies and energies of all EM radiation. are produced in nuclear reactions and explosions of giant stars. Gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies and energies of all EM radiation. transverse wave-matter in the medium moves at right angles to the direction the wave travels. longitudinal wave- matter in the medium oscillates in the same direction the wave travels wavelength- The horizontal distance after which the wave repeats itself in space frequency-a wave tells us the number of oscillations the wave makes in a given amount of time. amplitude -the vertical distance from the equilibrium to the crest periodcompression- the particles are pushed closer together. expansion (rarefaction), the particles are pulled away from each other. pitch, to how high or low a sound is. The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency of the sound waves. The higher the frequency of the waves, the higher the pitch we hear. Loudness- a sound wave depends on its energy. The greater the energy of the wave, the greater its amplitude and therefore the louder the sound.

Module 7: Structure of Matter— Matter-anything that takes up space and has mass. Atom-are so small, they cannot be seen with an ordinary microscope Proton- positive charge Neutron- neutral charge Electron- negative charge valence electrons- Electrons that occupy the outermost regions, those farthest from the nucleus (sometimes referred to as the outermost shell), of an atom elements- substance that is composed of a single type of atom. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains all of the properties of that element. Elements are designated by either one- or two-letter abbreviations, and they can be organized into a chart called the periodic table. Periodic Table of the Elements- the number of protons for an atom of a given element is given as the atomic number, the number found above the symbol for the element. Atomic numbers are listed on the periodic table. For neutral atoms of a given element the atomic number also gives the total number of electrons found within the electron clouds. includes the following information about each element: name, symbol, and atomic numbe atomic symbol, atomic number, compound- a chemical that contains at least two different types of atoms in a fixed ratio. chemical bonds- attractive forces that hold atoms together molecule- are made of atoms bonded; One type of compound is composed of a small, fundamental unit; contains an exact number of atoms held together by chemical bonds. organic compound, inorganic compoundpure substance- a substance containing a single element or compound mixture- a substance in which atoms are not present in a fixed ratio heterogeneous mixturehomogeneous mixture, chemical-a substance that contains one type of atom or a group of atoms in a fixed ratio solidliquid, gas, macroscopic properties, change of state

Module 8: Behavior of Matter— chemical change- a change in chemical composition chemical reaction-When a chemical change occurs, chemical bonds are formed or broken in a process physical change- When matter changes in appearance without changing in chemical composition, the change reactants, products, ion, ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond, alloygroups (families)- e achcol umn periods- Ea chr ow metal, nonmetal, metalloid, Law of Conservation of Matter- that matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another through physical or chemical changes. chemical equations, thermal energy, temperature, heat, phase change, evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, heat transfer

Module 9: The Solar System—nebula, nuclear fusion, star, galaxy, orbit, solar system, planet, asteroid, inner planets, outer planets, moon, comet, axis of rotation, ecliptic

Module 10: Earth’s Structure— inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, weathering, physical weathering chemical weathering Erosion- the mechanism responsible for the transportation or removal of material. Erosion can be caused by liquid water, glaciers, wind, or gravity. It can occur slowly over time or rapidly during catastrophic events. Glacier- a slowly moving mass of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow. As you will learn in more detail later, glaciers flow, albeit much more slowly than liquid water does. Depositionwind erosion delta river meander river valleys sand dunes U-shaped glacial valley V-shaped river valley, minerals, rocks, sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic, rock cycle, geologic time scale, Geologic Era, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, analog,

principle of superposition, principle of crosscutting relationships, unconformity, fossil record, Module 11: Earth’s Atmosphere—atmosphere air density, troposphere- atmosphere closes to the crest, most densest, where weather happens stratosphere second lay of the atmosphere, were the ozone layer is and airplanes fly ozone layer-the layer that protects us from harmful sun radiation. a gas that forms when oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet light or electrical discharge. Ozone has three oxygen atoms in its molecule (O3), while the oxygen we breathe has only two (O2). Mesosphere- third layer of atmosphere, meteors burn up, leaving visible fiery streaks in the sky. We regularly hear these phenomena referred to as “shooting stars.” Thermosphere- stretches to about 500-600 km (3300 mi to 375 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) above Earth’s surface. This is the part where the polar lights, or auroras, happen. Also, the International Space Station orbits Earth in this layer. Exosphere- the atmosphere thins out and merges with outer space. There is no exact altitude where the exosphere ends, but it is generally taken that outer space (a vacuum) exists above about 1,300 km (800 mi). atmospheric pressure- a given location depends on several factors. The main one is the altitude (height above sea level). The pressure decreases as the altitude increases because there are fewer air molecules pressing down from above. high pressure system, low pressure system, convection cells- a region of the atmosphere in which there is a sustained upward motion of warmer air balanced by the downward motion of cooler air Coriolis effect, prevailing winds, trade winds, hydrosphere- earths land, surface water, ground water and atmosphere (hydrologic) water cycle- evaporation> condensation(formation of a cloud)> precipitation(rain/snow) >runoff Transpiration-plants take water from the ground and release it back into the air as water vapor precipitation- rain/snow infiltration- water going into the ground runoff- precipitation that does not soak into the ground air mass- a large volume of warm or cold air that has approximately uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure over hundreds or thousands of miles horizontally and up to about 16 km vertically.

Front- a boundary between two or more air masses. Temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind direction can be very different on either side of the front. The type of front depends on the properties of the colliding air masses and the direction of their motion. warm front- the leading edge of a moving mass of warm air that pushes into a mass of cold air. Because the warm air is less dense, it rises above the cold air as shown in the figure below. The warm air cools as it rises, causing water vapor that is present to condense into clouds. A warm front may also produce fog when water condenses close to the ground. If enough moisture is present, precipitation may occur. cold frontanticyclonecyclonedepression- a low-pressure area in which warm air rises weatherfog- a cloud that hovers close to the ground. Fog usually forms when warm, moist air arrives in an area that had experienced cold weather. Precipitation- water droplets or ice crystals in clouds grow large enough to be pulled down to the ground by gravity. Rain, snow, sleet, and hail are all forms of precipitation. Hail- a type of precipitation consisting of frozen pellets that are more than 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter snow- a type of precipitation consisting of crystals of water called snowflakes. A snowflake forms when water vapor crystallizes onto a particle of dust. The water changes from a gas to a solid without entering the liquid state. blizzard- a severe snowstorm characterized by very strong winds and a large amount of snowfall. A blizzard can form when a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass. Blizzards cause low visibility and treacherous road conditions thunderstorm- characterized by thunder and lightning, which is usually accompanied by heavy rain or hail. Lightning is an electrical discharge that is visible as a bright flash of light. Lightning occurs because ice particles inside the thundercloud rub against each other, which causes positively and negatively charged particles to separate. Tornado- a rotating column of air that typically forms during a thunderstorm when convergent winds cause warm, moist air to rise. A tornado is more likely to form if temperature rapidly decreases with altitude or if a dry air mass sits over a moist air mass, as this creates an atmospheric instability. Hurricane- a huge and powerful storm with rotating winds of speeds greater than 119 km/hr (74 mi/hr). The ocean water temperature must be at least 27°C (80°F) for a hurricane to form. For this reason hurricanes usually form in tropical regions, between 5° and 15° northern or southern latitude. greenhouse gases- atmospheric gases, serve to trap energy that would otherwise escape into space greenhouse effect,- The greater the concentration of greenhouse gases, the more infrared radiation the atmosphere absorbs, and the warmer it becomes. climate change- a natural process that has occurred many times in Earth’s history global warming- unnatural type of climate change; a process in which human activities cause an increase in greenhouse gases, which leads to an increase in global temperature. carbon cycle-

C165 Integrated Physical Sciences – Learning Objectives Unit 2 – Scientific Inquiry Module 1 (Introduction to Physical Science) • Distinguish among the fields of physics, chemistry, and Earth science. • Describe the main methods of science. • Distinguish among scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws. • Discuss how scientific ideas change over time. Module 2 (Units and Measurements) • Identify appropriate scientific measurement techniques and units. Unit 3 – Physics Module 3 (Force and Motion) • Describe motion in terms of speed, velocity, and acceleration. • Apply Newton’s laws of motion to simple sys...