C255 Geography - All the notes you need. PDF

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Key Objectives Saturday, April 20, 2019

10:58 AM

• Identify the five themes of geography and appl apply y them to demonstr demonstrate ate an ability to think spat spatially ially about a vari variety ety of historical eve events nts and patterns patterns.. ○ Location - a concept that refers to the physical presence of a geographical place or feature on the surface of the Earth. ○ Place -a concept that refers to the wide range of human activities and human-

environment interactions that occur in a particular location. ○ Human-Environment interaction - A concept that forms the traditional foundation of the Geography discipline. Refers to the direct connections between humans and our biophysical world. ○ Movement - A concept that refers to the core idea that human beings and all animal life are always in motion. ○ Region - A concept that examines the multiple ways that we divide and organize our world.

Understand and spatial charac characteristics teristics of populat population, ion, including popula population tion density, • Underst popula population tion distribution, and po populatio pulatio pulation n redistribution. ○ Population density - a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ○ Population distribution - the pattern of where people live. The measurement of the number of people in an area ○ Population redistribution - Migration • Identify and explain the sign significance ificance of promi prominent nent features on a worl world d map, includi including ng the following: Equatorr ○ Equato

▪ Earth's imaginary midline perpendicular to the axis and midway between the poles

Cancerr ○ Tropic of Cance ▪ The parallel of 23.5N latitude

○ Tropic of Capr Capricorn icorn ▪ The parallel of 23.5S latitude ○ Prime Me Meridian ridian ▪ The meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, from which longitude is measured International ational Date Line ○ Intern ▪ An imaginary line on Earth's surface where, by international agreement, travelers traveling eastward subtract one calendar day and travelers traveling westward add one calendar day. The line generally follows the 180 meridian, but it deviates for political and economic convenience. ○ Latitude (Parallels)

▪ The location of a place measured as angular distance north and south of the equator Longitude de (Meridians) ○ Longitu ▪ The location of a place measured as angular distance east and west from the prime meridian ○ Arctic Circ Circle le ▪ One of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. The parallel of latitude that runs 66.5 degrees north of the equator Antarctic ic Circle ○ Antarct ▪ Imaginary circle around the Earth, parallel to the equator, at latitude

66.32S. Marks the southernmost point at which the sun appears above

the level of the horizon at the winter solstice Hemisphere sphere ○ Hemi ▪ Refers to any division of the globe into two equal halves. • Underst Understand and the signific significance ance of angular dista distance nce in determin determining ing latitude and longitu longitude de ○ Every 15 degrees of longitude, time zones are generally standardized within each 15 degree wide slice of Earth.

Understand and cartography and be able to ident identify ify physical featu features res on a map • Underst latitude itude and longi longitude tude to determin determine e absolute location on a map • Utilize lat ○ Latitude Lines (Parallels) ▪ Expressed as a distance north or south of the equator. ▪ Ranges from 0 (equator) to 90N or 90S ▪ Recorded in degrees, minutes, and seconds north or south of the equator. ○ Longitude Lines (Meridians)

▪ Expressed as distance east or west of the Prime Meridian ▪ Ranges from 0 (Prime Meridian) to 180E or 180W ▪ Recorded in degrees, minutes, and seconds east or west of the Prime Meridian.

• Recogn Recognize ize the significa significance nce of relative loca location tion and how it diff differs ers from absol absolute ute location ○ Relative location is considered as the location of a feature in relation to other features. Absolute locations states exactly where something is, without explaining any nearby features. following lowing three regi region on types: formal formal,, functional, and perc perceptual eptual • Know the fol

○ Formal Regions - is one with clearly defined boundaries that define what is both inside and outside of that region. ○ Functional Regions - Consists of the web of places and territory bound

together by a particular process or purpose. (Ex. CSRA Region integrates communities, activities, and the physical environment, but is not defined with precise boundaries on a map. ○ Perceptual regions - Consist of the 'regions in our mind' - areas that we think of as having a distinct identity that sets it apart from neighboring regions and people.

Summary ry to solidify your under understanding standing of key the themes mes • Review the Chapter Summa presen presented ted in the chapter

Study Guide Saturday, April 20, 2019

7:27 PM

SECTION 1: FUN FUNDAMENTAL DAMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC CON CONCEPTS CEPTS Geography has always involved the study of both the physical world and the human landscapes of that world – the geographic patterns of our cultures and societies, our economic systems, and our political systems. When you think geographically , this involves considering more than basic facts like the location of different countries, mountains, or rivers. Geography requires that you understand the patterns in how human beings organize our lives across the surface of the Earth (what we call geographic

space or spatial patterns). However, before you can learn to think geographically, you need to know the core concepts of geography – the vocabulary with which the human story is written. Please use Introduction to Geography Ch. 1 and other resources from the first course unit to complete this Study Guide section. 1. Describe in your own words, what is physical geography?

The study of the characteristics of the physical environment

2. Describe in your own words, what is human geography?

The study of geography of human groups and activities

3. Describe in your own words, what is human-environment interaction?

The connection between humans and the environment

4. Describe, what is “cartography”? Why do we call it both “an art and a science”?

The study of maps and map-making. It is both an art and a science because of the projection of the 3D globe to 2D.

5. Discuss one way that a better knowledge of physical and human geography may benefit you in your particular career.

N/A

The foll following owing questions foc focus us on major geogra geographic phic concept concepts. s. These concepts are the geographi geographic c “framework” thro through ugh which geograp geographers hers examine the worl world’s d’s comple complex x physical and huma human n patterns. Before compl completing eting this sec section, tion, be sure you hav have e read th document, nt, and Introducti Nationa Nationall Geographic Standards lear learning ning resources, the Five Themes of Geography docume Introduction on to Geograp Geography hy , Ch 1, pgs. 77-18). 18). (These themes were originally detailed in the 1984 publication, Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary an

Secondary Schools).

6. In the provided table below, in the left-hand column of each row, list one of the “Five Themes of Geography”, and in the right-hand column on the same row, provide its written description. Please complete all five rows.

THEME

DESCRIPTION A concept that refers to the physical presence of a geographical place or feature on the surface of

1. Location

the Earth A concept that refers to the wide range of human activities and human-environment interactions

2. Place

that occur in a particular location A concept that forms the traditional foundation of the Geography discipline. Refers to the direct

3. Human-

connections between humans and our biophysical world.

Environment Interaction A concept that refer to the core idea that humans being and all animal life are always in motion 4. Movement A concept that examines the multiple ways that we divide and organize our world. 5. Region

7. We commonly use latitude and longitude as a measure of the “absolute location” of a place. Indeed, latitude and longitude are essential to understand not only to read a map, but to travel from place to place, to understand climates, even to understand the th

Korean War and the importance of the “38

parallel”. (ITG, Chapter 1, pgs. 22-25).

Please review the details of Figure 1.1 below.

Source location of Figure 1.1 (http://c.tadst.com/gfx/750w/longitude-latitude.png)

Alternative long description of Figure 1.1

following wing terms for eac each, h, After reviewing your learning resources AND Figure 1.1, in the table provided below, please define the follo includ including ing longitude and llatitude. atitude. (Table description – The table below is composed of two columns vertically and eight rows or lines horizontally. In the left-hand column in each row is listed a term. You are to provide in the right-hand column on the same row as the term, a corresponding definition).

TERM

DEFINITION

Equator

Earth's imaginary midline perpendicular to the axis and midway between the poles

Prime Mer Meridian idian

The meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, from which longitude is measured

Tropic of Can Cancer cer

The parallel of 23.5N latitude

Tropic of

The parallel of 23.5S latitude

Capric Capricorn orn Internatio International nal

An imaginary line on Earth's surface where, by international agreement, travelers traveling eastward subtract

Date Line

one calendar day and travelers traveling westward add one calendar day. The line generally follows the 180 meridian, but it deviates for political and economic convenience.

Latitud Latitude e (and

The location of a place measured as angular distance north and south of the equator

what it measure measures) s) Longitud Longitude e (and

The location of a place measured as angular distance east and west from the prime meridian

what it measure measures) s)

What is angular

The angular separation between two objects as perceived by an observer.

distance distance??

8. Use the Utah map below. What is the approximate “absolute location” of Salt Lake City, Utah, using latitude and longitude? LATITUDE:

41N

LONGITUDE: 112W_

Source location of Figure 2 (http://www.mapsofworld.com/usa/states/utah/utah-maps/utah-lat-long-map.jpg )

Alternative long description of Figure 2 9. Use the Utah map above. What city is located at approximately 39°36 39°36’’ N, 110°48’ W latitude/longitude?

Price, Utah

10. What is “relative location”? Look at a map and consider how the relative location of Detroit, Michigan contributed to the city’s th

development as the center of the U.S. automobile industry in the 20

century. (Hint: think about Detroit’s location relative to the

kinds of resources, transportation routes, population centers, etc., necessary for the automotive industry).

Michigan's location, specifically Detroit, is right in the middle of the Great Lakes area. It is also on the border of Toronto.

11. What is the difference between a “place” and a “region” as a geographic concept?

Regions are areas defined by one or more distinctive characteristics or features, such as climate, soil type, language, or economic activity.

Place is more specific than Regions

12. On the following page are three images representing Formal, Functional, Functional, and Perceptual/ Vernacular Vernacular types of geographic regions. Choose the correct region and define what is that kind of region for each image.

Metropolit Metropolitan an Washington, D.C. (includes the surrounding pink regions in Maryland and Virginia) Region Type Type::

Functional Region

Definition:

Village ge neighborhood, Columbus, OH The ethn ethnic ic German Villa

Region Type: Perceptual Region Definition Definition::

The City of Los Angeles, California

Region Type: Formal Region Definition Definition::

13. What is area analysis? Can you provide an example?

Regional Analysis: Integrates features of a place

14. What is spatial analysis? Can you provide an example?

Locational Analysis: Integrates features of a place

15. What is a geographic system ? Can you provide an example?

Understanding human and physical system and the interactions among them

Chapter Summary Saturday, April 20, 2019

11:04 AM

What Is Geogr Geography? aphy? •Geography is the study of the interaction of all physical and human phenomena at individual places, and spatial patterns of these phenomena and interactions. Physical geography studies the characteristics of the physical environment, while human geography studies human groups and their activities. •Geography has deep roots in ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean region and eastern Asia, with Arab scholars making major contributions. Major advances occurred during European exploration in the 15th–18th centuries. A human– environment tradition emerged in the 1800s. Today, geography is one of the most diverse fields of academic study, bridging the social and natural sciences and the humanities.

Contempor Contemporary ary Geography

•Area analysis examines the characteristics of specific locations (sites) and their interactions with other places (situation). Area analysis also examines regions, including formal regions defined by uniformity of a particular physical or cultural feature, and functional regions defined by interactions among places. Spatial patterns are characterized by key attributes including distribution (position, placement or arrangement on Earth’s surface), density (frequency of occurrence in relation to geographic area), concentration (the degree to which features are found near to each other in certain places as opposed to broadly dispersed), and pattern (the geometric arrangement of objects within an area). •Distance can be expressed in absolute terms, or in terms of travel time or cost. Distance affects the likelihood of interaction between places. Diffusion is the spread of a phenomenon from one place to another. Hierarchies of organization can affect information diffusion. •Geographic systems analysis focuses on interactions between physical systems such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. •Geographers study human–environment interactions such as use of natural resources, and the role of culture in influencing such resource use.

Mapping Ear Earth th •The latitude–longitude grid system helps determine location on the Earth’s surface. Latitude refers to angular distance north or south of the equator; longitude refers to angular distance east or west of Greenwich, England. Map scale, the ratio of size on a map to size on Earth’s surface, affects the amount of detail that can be shown on a map. Small-scale maps reduce the size of features and show less detail; large-scale maps make features larger and contain more detail. Creating a flat map of Earth’s curved surface via a set of rules called a projection requires distorting either shape or distance. Specialized thematic

maps show particular features of Earth’s surface.

Geographic Informa Information tion Technology •Satellites enable rapid collection of large amounts of information that is stored, managed, analyzed, and displayed using geographic information systems. Raster-based information is stored by grid cells; vector-based information uses lines and points that are located by X–Y coordinates. Global positioning systems allow rapid determination of location and area used in millions of everyday devices.

Key Objectives Saturday, April 20, 2019

12:00 PM

▪

Earth-Sun -Sun relationship, and know how this relationship is associated with each of • Understand the Earth the following geographic phenomena Incidence idence ○ Angle of Inc ▪ The angle at which solar radiation strikes a particular place at any point in time

○ The Tropi Tropics cs ▪ The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn are consistently warm because of the high solar elevation angles. ○ Climate vari variation ation by latitude

▪ The number of hours which the Sun's energy strikes the location as well as the intensity with which it strikes directly affects locations based on where they are at in regards to latitude. Seasonal nal variati variation on (Summer/W (Summer/Winter inter solsti solstices, ces, vernal vernal/autumnal /autumnal equi equinoxes) noxes) ○ Seaso ▪ Variations in the length of daylight from place to place result from the 23.5 tilt of the Earth's axis away from a perpendicular relation to the Sun.

weather her and • Gain a basic understanding of how the following atmospheric processes influence weat climate ○ Convectio Convection n ▪ Movement in any fluid, caused when part of the fluid (whether gas or liquid) is heated

○ Conden Condensation sation ▪ The conversion of water from vapor to liquid state

○ Orogra Orographic phic uplift ad prec precipitation ipitation ("r ("rain ain shadow effect") ▪ Precipitation that occurs when winds move against mountain ranges, forcing air to rise as it passes over the mountains Atmospheric c pressure (high- and low low-pressure -pressure zones zones)) ○ Atmospheri ▪ Varies with altitude because the higher you go, the less air exists above you.

Intertropical cal convergence zone ○ Intertropi ▪ A low pressure zone circling the globe between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn where surface winds converge • Develop a strong understanding of the general characteristics for each of the 11 major climate

Understa ing Climat

types. For each climate, know the following: ○ Gene General ral Tempera Temperature ture charact characteristics eristics (hot, warm, cool, cold, etc.) ○ Gene General ral precipitati precipitation on characte characteristics ristics (arid/ (arid/dry, dry, semi semi-arid, -arid, seaso seasonally nally humid, humid/moi humid/moist, st, etc.) • Identify a general latitudinal range for each major climate type, rounded to the nearest interval of

10 latitude. • Review the Chapter Summary to solidify your understanding of key themes presented in the chapter.

Study Guide Sunday, April 21, 2019

9:28 AM

SECTION 2: PHYSI PHYSICAL CAL SYSTEMS, HUMAN HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT -ENVIRONMENT INTER INTERACTION, ACTION, AND HUMAN SYSTEMS Section 2.1: Physi Physical cal Geographic Systems Introduction to Geography, Chapter 2 (Weather, Climate, and Climate Change) We encourage you to complete the Climates Study Chart in Study Guide Appendix A (near the end of this study guide). You want to know the names of the 11 major climate types, their general characteristics, the general latitude range for each climate type and examples of where you will find different climates, and the major biome (vegetation/animal region) associated with each climate. See Introduction to Geography, Chapter 2 and Chapter 4 for deta...