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Chapter 05: Codes of Ethics Beemsterboer: Ethics and Law in Dental Hygiene, 3rd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A code of ethics is one of the essential characteristics of a true profession. It is a guideline for

members of a professional group used for self-regulation of the group. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. The first statement is false, the second statement is true.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: A

A major purpose of a professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define expected standards of behavior. The code is the contract the profession makes with society outlining the standards it will adhere to and uphold. DIF: Recall REF: p. 41 OBJ: 1 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 2. Ethical codes address each of the following areas EXCEPT one. Which one is the

EXCEPTION? Personal integrity Dedication Hours of continuing education required Principled behavior

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

Ethical codes address the areas of personal integrity, dedication, and principled behavior. The hours of continuing education required are defined by the State Board in the respective state. It is very important for a practitioner to be aware of the specific requirement for the state in which he or she practices because the hours and subjects required vary from one state to another. The ethical codes do make general statements regarding the need to keep current with professional knowledge and skills. According to the ADHA—7 Standards of Professional Responsibility to Ourselves as Professionals “Enhance professional competencies through continuous learning in order to practice according to high standards of care.” Similarly, it is stated in the ADA Code of Professional Conduct. 2A. Education: “All dentists, therefore, have the obligation of keeping their knowledge and skill current.” DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 41 OBJ: 1 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 3. Which of the following types of ethical theories is thought to be of the most influence in

screening applicants for professional schools of health care? a. Consequentialism b. Nonconsequentialism c. Virtue ethics ANS: C

Admission committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character. Part of the selection process often focuses on identifying virtue in the character of applicants. Consequentialism is based upon the thought that whether an action is correct or not is determined and justified by the consequences of the act. The central claim of nonconsequentialist ethics is that an action is right when it conforms to a principle or rule of conduct that meets a requirement of some overriding duty. DIF: Recall REF: p. 42 OBJ: 2 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 4. Learning what is expected of a professional reinforces character traits in the developing

student professional through each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Introducing students to the institution’s code of conduct b. Assuming the entering student does not have the character traits needed to be a true professional c. Familiarizing students with the profession’s code of ethics and professional conduct d. Enforcing adherence to expected professional behaviors when professional codes have been violated ANS: B

Each entering student, until proven otherwise, must be assumed to have the character traits needed to be a true professional. Educational institutions actively seek to indoctrinate students to the goals of the profession and expected professional behaviors. Learning what is expected of that professional person reinforces character traits in the developing professional. This often is accomplished by introducing students to the institution’s code of conduct, by familiarizing them with the profession’s code of ethics and professional conduct, by faculty serving as positive role models, and by enforcing adherence to expected professional behaviors when professional codes have been violated. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 42 OBJ: 2 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 5. It is the obligation of professionals to help regulate their profession, because the reputation of

the profession and the well-being of the public ultimately rest on a willingness to engage in meaningful self-policing of the profession. a. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct. ANS: A

When violations occur, members of the profession who become aware of these violations have a duty to intervene in a substantive way. The degree to which codes are effective remains a difficult question to answer completely. One view is that the public has given responsibility to the profession, because it is difficult for a layperson to determine appropriate behavior given the technical knowledge required. This responsibility is ceded with the caveat that the profession will self-regulate and that if it does not, the public will resume control.

DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 42 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 6. Which of the following statements about codes of ethics is most accurate? a. It is easy to determine the degree to which codes of ethics are effective. b. It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics to be extremely

valuable. c. The professions cannot do anything about it if someone does not behave with

integrity. d. There is no way to judge acceptable parameters of behavior according to a code of

ethics. ANS: B

Because health professions invest so much effort in the development and propagation of codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior, an assumption that professions find them to be extremely valuable is reasonable. The profession is empowered to take action to resolve the problem when violations of the code occur. Although codes alone do not guarantee that everyone will behave with integrity, they do provide guidance and standards by which professionals can be judged. Codes also serve as a touchstone by which all members of a profession can judge the acceptable parameters of behavior. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 42 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 7. Where was the first ethical code developed? a. Assyria b. Greece c. Italy d. United States e. France ANS: B

The first ethical code dates back to the time of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The influence of the Hippocratic Oath is still seen in modern versions of ethical codes. The first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created at the inception of the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) in 1927. DIF: Recall REF: p. 42 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.4 General 8. Traditional medical codes of ethics emphasize all of the following EXCEPT one. Which one

is the exception? Obligation to each other Duties in the individual patient–physician relationship The use of a patient’s bill of rights in health care settings Authority and duty of beneficence

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

Traditional medical codes of ethics emphasize the physician’s (1) duties in the individual patient–physician relationship, including the obligation of confidentiality; (2) authority and duty of beneficence (i.e., acting for the patient’s good); and (3) obligation to each other. Most codes stress the obligation of health care professionals rather than describe the rights of those receiving health care services. The current use of a patient’s bill of rights in health care settings is an attempt to address the discrepancy. DIF: Recall REF: p. 42 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 9. Power and prestige is granted to the professions, because a code of ethics is a promise to

society to uphold certain values and standards in the practice of the profession. Both the statement and reason are correct and related. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.

a. b. c. d. e.

ANS: A

Codes of ethics are not legal mandates, however, they cannot be easily dismissed if there is a formal structure for self-regulation. In recent years evidence is increasing that state dental boards, which usually have the authority over both dentists and dental hygienists, are sanctioning practitioners for legal violations as well as ethical violations. Because these boards typically have the authority to suspend or terminate a professional’s right to practice, the fact that more attention is being given to ethical behavior makes the relation between ethical codes and enforcement stronger. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 42 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 10. Ideally, ethical codes should create a relationship among members of a profession that is

similar to ties in which of the following types of relationships? A high school or collegiate athletic team A family A club or organization where members have similar interests A group of people who are working together in a restaurant

a. b. c. d.

ANS: B

A family relationship obviates the need for enforcement outside the group. Professionals’ obligations to each other, to patients, and to society should be similar to the strong obligations and emotional feelings that attend belonging to a family with the behavior of members being monitored by the membership. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 43 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 11. The first principle function of a code of ethics is to provide an enforceable standard of

minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. The second principle function is to address every situation that may occur. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false.

c. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. ANS: C

The code of ethics has two principle functions. First, it provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. Second, it indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct. The code of ethics can and does serve as a tool in the function of self-regulation; however, it does have some limitations. Not every situation can be addressed in an ethical code or fully explained in an accompanying interpretation. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 43 OBJ: 3 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 12. How can the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) Code of Ethics for Dental

Hygienists be amended? a. If changes are approved by a majority of state dental hygiene associations. b. If changes are approved at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a

majority of the group. c. If changes are approved at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a

two-thirds vote of the group. d. The ADHA Code of Ethics for Dental Hygienists cannot be modified. It can only

be replaced. ANS: C

All professional codes are evolving documents that embody the contract between a particular profession and the public. The dental hygiene code is maintained by the professional organization (the ADHA) and is monitored by the executive staff of the organization. When deemed necessary, the officers of the association appoint a committee of members to review and revise the document. The code can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a two-thirds vote of that group. ADHA and all health care professional organizations have, as a condition of membership, an agreement to uphold the profession’s code of ethics. DIF: Recall REF: p. 44 OBJ: 4 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 13. Which of the following is found as a core value in the American Dental Hygienists’

Association (ADHA) Code but are not found as fundamental principles in the American Dental Association (ADA) Code of Ethics? a. Autonomy b. Nonmaleficence and beneficence c. Societal trust d. Veracity ANS: C

The ADA code refers to five fundamental principles: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and veracity. The ADHA code identifies seven core values, adding confidentiality and societal trust as essential to the foundation of the code. DIF: Recall

REF: p. 46

OBJ: 5

TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 14. Which of the following principles of the American Dental Hygiene Association (ADHA)

Code of Ethics recognizes the existence of an obligation to justice and basic human rights? Universality Complementarity Ethics Community Responsibility

a. b. c. d. e.

ANS: B

In all relationships, complementarity requires considering the values and perspectives of others before making decisions or taking actions affecting them. Universality expects that, if one individual judges an action to be right or wrong in a given situation, other people considering the same action in the same situation would make the same judgment. Ethics are general standards of right and wrong that guide behavior within society. Community expresses our concern for the bond between individuals, the community, and society in general. Responsibility is accepting the consequences of our actions or the failure to act and being willing to make ethical choices and publicly affirming them. DIF: Recall REF: p. 48 OBJ: 5 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 15. Which of the following core values of the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA)

Code of Ethics states that “we accept our fundamental obligation to provide services in a manner that protects all clients and minimizes harm to them and others involved in their treatment”? a. Societal trust b. Confidentiality c. Beneficence d. Nonmaleficence e. Veracity ANS: D

Nonmaleficence means to do no harm. Societal trust means that we understand that public trust in our profession is based on our actions and behavior. Confidentiality means we respect the confidentiality of client information and relationships as a demonstration of the value we place on individual autonomy. Beneficence means we have a primary role in promoting the well-being of individuals and the public by engaging in health promotion/disease prevention activities. Veracity means we accept our obligation to tell the truth and expect that others will do the same. DIF: Recall REF: p. 48 OBJ: 5 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 16. Each of the following is true according to the American Dental Hygienists’ Association

(ADAH) Standards of Professional Responsibility to the Community and Society EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Report the use of illicit drugs by a patient to responsible authorities. b. Use peer review as a mechanism for identifying substandard care by dental hygienists.

c. Promote access to dental hygiene services for all. d. Recognize and uphold our obligation to provide pro bono service. ANS: A

A dental hygienist is not required to report the use of illicit drugs as this would violate confidentiality. A dental hygienist is required to document and report inappropriate, inadequate, or substandard care and/or illegal activities by a health care provider to the responsible authorities. A dental hygienist is expected to use peer review as a mechanism for identifying inappropriate, inadequate, or substandard care provided by dental hygienists. A dental hygienist is expected to promote access to dental hygiene services for all, supporting justice and fairness in the distribution of health care resources. A dental hygienist is expected to recognize and uphold the obligation to provide pro bono service. DIF: Recall REF: p. 48 OBJ: 5 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent 17. Which of the following is associated with the American Dental Association (ADA) Code of

Ethics? Five core values Five fundamental principles Seven core values Seven fundamental principles

a. b. c. d.

ANS: B

The ADA code is divided into three components: principles of ethics, code of professional conduct, and advisory opinions. The principles of ethics component sets out the aspirational goals of the dental profession, which are similar to the aspirational goals for the dental hygiene profession. The ADA code, however, refers to five fundamental principles, whereas the ADHA code identifies seven core values, adding confidentiality and societal trust as essential to the foundation of the code. DIF: Recall REF: p. 46 OBJ: 6 TOP: 7.0 Professional Responsibility | 7.1 Ethical Principles, including informed consent...