CAFS HSC Notes PDF

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CAFS HSC NOTES General acronyms Wellbeing: “SPEECS” Spiritual Physical Economic Emotional Cultural Social

Needs: “SHESEA” Sense of identity Health Education Safety and security Employment Adequate standard of living

CAFS HSC NOTES

9.1 HSC Core: Research Methodologies Research: The term used to describe the process whereby information is gained about a topic of interest. Research asks questions and seeks to find the answers. Methodology: Refers to the way in which data is collected. Data: The information collected through research through research and various research methodologies.

The purpose of research - Advance knowledge - Increase understanding - Educate others - Inform practice For example: A research project may involve collecting data and reporting on the crime rates of different cities. Through identifying variables or reasons why some cities have higher crime rates than others, there is opportunity to advance knowledge and increase understanding about the incidence of crime. There is opportunity to use the results to educate others and inform practice by implementing preventative policing strategies, that may reduce crime.

The focus of research: Research questions - Asks whether a relationship exists between variables (anything that has a quality or quantity that varies) in a particular population. - It presents the idea, issue or situation that the researcher intends to focus on in their study. - The research question may be conceptualised as a question or statement. Hypothesis - Stipulates or predicts that a relationship between at least two variables in a given population exists. Advantage: It can be tested Disadvantage: Research findings can contradict hypothesis and researcher may be tempted to revise original hypothesis. Example: Research question

Problem Statement

Hypothesis

Will entertainment

Using entertainment

Using entertainment

CAFS HSC NOTES technologies have an impact on the social well being of school-age children?

technologies has an impact on the social wellbeing of school-age children

technologies can have a negative impact on the social wellbeing of school-age children.

Well-written research question, problem statement or hypothesis uses: “PICOT” scaffold: Population of interest Issue of interest Comparison between variables to be researched Outcome of the comparison Time Example: Focus of research

Research Question

Problem statement

Hypothesis

Research topic

How do nursing homes meet the needs of aged people and their family?

Participation in a support group improves morale in parents of children aged 3-5 with Asperger’s syndrome.

Using entertainment technologies can have a negative impact on the social wellbeing of school aged children.

Population

The Aged

Children aged 3-5

School-aged children

Interest

Nursing Home Care

Asperger’s syndrome

Entertainment tech

Comparison

Those in care, their families, types of needs

Participation in support group, family caregivers, morale

Impact-negative or positive, wellbeing, types of entertainment technologies

Outcome

Meeting the needs

Improves morale

Impact on social wellbeing

Time

In the nursing home

During use of support group

Everyday

CAFS HSC NOTES Sampling: Sampling: The process of choosing the people, place and time to collect primary data. Sample: - Refers to a small part of something which is intended to represent a larger population - A subset of the population selected for measurement, observing or questioning so as to provide statistical information about the population.

“SMS” Sample group: - Identifying where the group will be chosen from. - A sampling group is chosen in order to represent a larger population as it is time efficient and cost efficient. Methods: - Simple Random: Involves selecting people so that everyone has an equal chance of being selected eg. Weekly Oz Lotto draw. Unbiased - Systematic Random: Obtained by choosing one number at random and then every nth unit after this. Eg. choosing the number 2 and 3 as the n number, you could choose house 2 and select every 3rd house after that to deliver your questionnaire to. Unbiased - Stratified Random: Where the researcher breaks the population into groups based on one characteristic or feature (refer to textbook diagram). This means that there is a more balanced representation in each of the strata groups and the groups can be compared with each other in similar portions to the general population. - Clustered: Dividing the population into clusters. Eg. if the clusters are to be school roll call groups, four roll call groups are selected at random, and the researcher chooses five students from each of these groups. A researcher doesn’t need a specific part of the population to take their sample form. Subject to bias. - Convenience: Where a researcher chooses participants because they are easy to access. Low credibility, unreliable research outcomes, irrelevant data collected NOTE: Sampling can only be executed effectively when the researcher is competent. Size: - Number of participants. - A sample size is determined by money, time, knowledge and access to services.

CAFS HSC NOTES Types of Data: Primary data: - Data that is collected first hand by the researcher. - The questions that researchers ask are tailored to elicit the data they require. - It is collected from individuals or groups that have been questioned, surveyed, interviewed or observed. It is generally expensive to conduct and takes a long time to process. Secondary data: - Data that has been gathered and recorded by someone else. - Based on other peoples findings found in reports, records, or statistical information. - Readily available, less expensive to obtain analysed in less time. Type of data

Advantages

Common research methods

Qualitative data: Subjective data from collecting facts and information about people’s beliefs, feelings, attitudes and opinions to gain insight into the area.

Subjective data can provide words/images to provide the why and how of a situation with examples to fill in details.

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Observation Interview Forus group Case study Questionnaire

Quantitative data: Objective data from facts in the form of numerical data, which can be analysed using counting, measuring and graphing.

Objective data provides an outline of what is happening in a situation. Objective, reliable, less subject to bias than qualitative research.

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Questionnaire Survey Experiment Literature Review

ACRONYMS FOR COMMON RESEARCH METHODS: “COLIQ” Case study: A case study is a written summary of a real-life case, based on data collected over a period of weeks, months or years. Observation (participant/non-participant): A social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting. Literature review: An examination of existing research that has been conducted on a particular topic or issue. Interview (structured, semi-structured or unstructured): Where the researcher asks one or more people a series of questions to gather information about a particular topic. Questionnaire: A form that consists of a series of questions that respondents complete.

CAFS HSC NOTES Sources of data: Individuals and groups: - Provides data that is current and in real time. - Individuals include: family, teacher, friends, neighbours, experts or specialists in particular areas eg. doctors, dieticians, counsellors. - Groups include: Professional organisations eg. local chamber of business, Non-for-profit groups eg. Salvation army, Government agencies eg. centrelink, police and Medical and health authorities eg. Australian physiotherapy Association. Print and digital: - Can add depth and detail to the research process that would not be possible if their data had to be personally sourced by the researcher. - Print sources: books, journals, magazines, newspapers and pamphlets - Digital sources: the internet, computer programs, TV and radio, podcasts, webcasts, statistics and other multimedia resources. - Search engines are software programs that help users find information stored on a personal computer eg. Google, Firefox, Bing, Yahoo, Ask. ***STUDENTS LEARN TO Criteria for evaluating the credibility of print and digital sources “ARCAP” Criteria Authority

Possible evaluation questions to consider -

What are the author's credentials? Is the information published by a reputable authority? Are sources properly cited? Does URL look reputable?

Relevance

-

Is the source related to your topic? Does it provide you with further information?

Currency

-

When was the source published? Is it up to date? Check date of publication, date of last update and date the research or statistics were gathered

Accuracy

-

Is the text well written, without grammatical errors? Is the information accurate? Accuracy can be reinforced if it is similar to other sources.

Purpose

-

What is the purpose of the information? Is it objective and factual or opinionated and persuasive? Who is the intended audience? (scholars, researchers, general public)

CAFS HSC NOTES

Reliability and Validity Reliability: - Refers to the consistency of measurement. - If a research method has reliability, it could be used again under the same conditions with the same subjects and you would expect to obtain similar results. Validity: - Refers to measurement that accurately reflects what it is intended to measure. - A research study that demonstrates validity should be based on a suitable research methodology and undertaken so that results can be interpreted with a certain amount of certainty and provide useful generalisations.

Ethical Behaviour “BIRP” Bias: When the researcher or data are influenced in favour of one point of view. Research questions that can create bias Example Asking leading questions

“Why do you prefer family day care over other types of data?”

Choosing a sampling method that does not reflect the age, gender or culture of the population

Distributing questionnaires to 3 males and 15 females

Recording data that supports your hypothesis rather than being objective

Subjectively choosing SOME data results to interpret and analyse that are favourable to the researcher’s hypothesis

Integrity: A researcher must be honest and truthful because they are accountable for undertaking and presenting research without changing, modifying or suppressing any material. Ensuring that the entire research process is thorough, reliable and valid will also contribute to its integrity. Respect: Having respect entails: - Planning questions that are worded carefully. - Being aware of mental, social and physical wellbeing of participants to prevent risks. - Offer the opportunity for participant to see final report. - Ensure informed or written consent is obtained. Privacy: Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity can be protected by:

CAFS HSC NOTES -

Asking for permission to conduct primary research. Replacing names with letters or numbers in report to ensure anonymity. Data and opinions are not disclosed to others. Carefully storing data during research process and then shredding data prior to disposal.

Research process: REFER TO TEXTBOOK FOR IN-DEPTH EXPLANATION OF RESEARCH PROCESS

Planning for research

Conducting research

Interpreting research

Presenting research

Step s

What to do

1

Managing resources - being organised eg. time, materials

2

Formulating a research proposal

3

Considering ethical behaviour in research

4

Proposing suitable research methods and sampling method and size

5

Developing IRP project plan - submit for marking as required

6

Accessing source of data

7

Collecting and recording data

8

Documenting actions and issues - writing in project diary/log

9

Presenting research findings - as graphs, tables, written reports

10

Analysing research results

11

Drawing conclusions from research

12

Completing the organisation and presentation of your research product

13

Assembling bibliography

14

Finalising appendix

CAFS HSC NOTES 9.3 HSC Core: Parenting and caring: Key terms: - Parent - Biological/social - Carer - Primary/informal/dependant - Surrogacy - Assisted Reproductive technologies (ART) - Multiple Role Expectation - gender expectations - Support networks - formal/informal - Styles of parenting and caring: ● Authoritarian ● Permissive ● Indulgent ● Negligent - Rights and responsibilities Parent: An individual who is responsible for the daily and long term wellbeing of a child or children Carer: An individual who takes on the role of looking after a dependant child, or person who is ill or dependant. Carers can be professionals, partners, parents, siblings, friends or in some cases, even children. They may be paid or voluntary

Students learn about: Types of parents - Biological parents: Two people who contribute to the child’s genetic make up and are therefore related to that child from the moment of conception (when the sperm meets the ova/egg). - That includes parents whose children are conceived through genetic and reproductive engineering (including in-vitro fertilisation- IVF, gamete intra-fallopian transfer, artificial insemination) Assisted Reproductive technologies (ART): IVF: in-vitro fertilisation GIFT: Gamete intra-fallopian transfer AID: Assisted insemination by donor AIF: Assisted insemination by husband

CAFS HSC NOTES Students learn about: -

Social parents Individuals who care for a child without providing genetic material e.g. through adoption, fostering, step-parenting and surrogacy. “FASS” - Adoptive - Foster - Step-parenting - Surrogate

ADOPTION: Adoption is a permanent legal arrangement that transfers parental rights and responsibilities form the biological parents to the adopting parents. Adoption is usually due to the biological parents being unable or unwilling to care for the child due to reasons such as child illness. When the adopted child reaches 18, they have a legal right under the Adoption Information Act 1990 to access their original birth certificate. Biological parents are then permitted to hain details of the surrendered child. In NSW, adoption is the responsibility of Family and Community Services (FACS) and other registered organisations such as Anglicare, Barnardos and Catholic Care. The Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Inter-country Adoption (Convention) is an international agreement to safeguard inter-country adoptions. The difference between a convention country and a non-convention country is that convention countries receive greater protections e.g. they receive an adoption services contract that contains info about: - The agencies policies - Fees - History - Relationships with supervised providers

FOSTERING: Fostering is a temporary arrangement ranging from a few days to years. It is classed as temporary as the birth parents have not relinquished their parental rights. Foster parents have the day to day responsibilities for a child, but no legal rights. Foster carers must be authorised by FACS. FACS makes all decisions regarding the child’s care, schooling, medical, contact with other people and holidays, but is increasingly managed by non-government services such as Anglicare, Barnardos, Catholic Care and KARI Aboriginal resources for Indigenous children.

CAFS HSC NOTES Living with foster parents can lead to questions surrounding the child’s biological family, which can lead to frustration, emotional fear where the child was in a traumatic situation.

STEP PARENTING: An individuals who forms a relationship with another adult who has children from a previous relationship. Step-parents have no legal rights over the child; this makes decision making difficult for the parent. The media represents step-parents negatively e.g. Disney. The attitude towards a step-parent may be influenced by the age of the children and the biological parents.

SURROGATE: A woman who gives birth to a child on behalf of a couple who are either infertile or the same sex. There are no specific law supporting surrogacy, which makes this type of social parenting difficult. Paying a surrogate is illegal in Australia, which has lead prospective parents to other countries to seek a surrogate. This risks the exploitation of women who can earn large amounts of money in short periods. The surrogate relies the use of reproductive technology to fall pregnant and because of this, she will be deemed the mother of the child by the courts until a parentage order can be commissioned. The complex process is expensive, time consuming and emotionally draining. Students learn about: Roles of parents and carers “WNR”: - Promoting the wellbeing of the dependant “SPEECS” - Satisfying specific needs of the dependant “SHESEA” - Building positive relationships with the dependant Wellbeing SPEECS

Needs SHESEA

Relationships

- Wellbeing affected by how well needs are met - Parents and carers would provide opportunities to develop land support positive wellbeing E.G. A carer may provide the dependant with

- Prepare/assist in preparing all meals for the dependant to satisfy their adequate standard of living/ check that their living arrangement is adequate - Live with the dependant to ensure that their need for

- Where both grow as a result of the interaction - Can occur from birth through love and affection - Parents provide opportunities for dependants to develop independence and resilience - Model appropriate

CAFS HSC NOTES transport to go to church to satisfy spiritual wellbeing. - A carer may exercise with the dependant if he/she is capable to satisfy physical wellbeing

safety and security is met. - Ensure they are attending regular doctor appointments and taking medication - Teaching the dependant how to care for themselves more independently and the services available - Inform them of services that assist in employment for disadvantaged or disabled people/assist in centrelink payments - Try and connect them to people with similar interests and capabilities

behaviour - Can help by providing assistance by still allow for independence - It can be difficult when the dependant used to be of equal or higher status (spouse/parents becoming a dependant) - A carer may partake in activities the dependant enjoys to create a common ground and positive relationship.

Students Learn To: Explore the impact of legal, social and technological change on social parents by considering changes in: – legislation – community beliefs and attitudes – reproductive technology Social parenting situation

Legal (legislation)

Social (community beliefs and attitudes)

Technological (reproductive technology)

Adoption: A legal process that permanently transfers all the legal rights and responsibilities of being a parent to the adoptive parents

-Adoption Act 2000 (NSW)...