CARL Jungs Analytical Psychology PDF

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BI OGRAPHY OF CARL GUSTAV JUNG Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875 A local rumor suggested that the elder Carl Jung was the illegitimate son of the great German poet Goethe. JuŶg͛s fatheƌ, JohaŶŶ Paul JuŶg, ǁas a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church His mother, Emilie Preiswerk Jung, was the daugh...

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BIOGRAPHY OF CARL GUSTAV JUNG -

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Born in Kesswil, Switzerland in 1875 A local rumor suggested that the elder Carl Jung was the illegitimate son of the great German poet Goethe. Jung’s father, Johann Paul Jung, was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church His mother, Emilie Preiswerk Jung, was the daughter of a theologian. In fact, eight of Jung’s maternal uncles and two of his paternal uncles were pastors, so both religion and medicine were prevalent in his family. Jung’s mother’s family had a tradition of spiritualism and mysticism His maternal grandfather, Samuel Preiswerk, was a believer in the occult and often talked to the dead. He kept an empty chair for the ghost of his first wife and had regular and intimate conversations with her. Oldest surviving child of an idealistic Protestant minister Jung (1961) described his father as a sentimental idealist with strong doubts about his religious faith. He saw his mother as having two separate dispositions. On one hand, she was realistic, practical, and warmhearted, but on the other, she was unstable, mystical, clairvoyant, archaic, and ruthless. An emotional and sensitive child, Jung identified more with this second side of his mother, which he called her No. 2 or night personality Before Jung’s fourth birthday, his family moved to a suburb of Basel. It is from this period that his earliest dream stems. This dream, which was to have a profound effect on his later life and on his concept of a collective unconscious. During his school years, Jung gradually became aware of two separate aspects of his self, and he called these his No. 1 and No. 2 personalities. At first he saw both personalities as parts of his own personal world, but during adolescence he became aware of the No. 2

TOP CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY personality as a reflection of something other than himself—an old man long since dead. - At that time Jung did not fully comprehend these separate powers, but in later years he recognized that No. 2 personality had been in touch with feelings and intuitions that No. 1 personality did not perceive. - Between his 16th and 19th years, Jung’s No. 1 personality emerged as more dominant. As his conscious, everyday personality prevailed, he could concentrate on school and career. In Jung’s own theory of attitudes, his No. 1 personality was extraverted and in tune to the objective world, whereas his No. 2 personality was introverted and directed inward toward his subjective world. - Thus, during his early school years, Jung was mostly introverted, but when the time came to prepare for a profession and meet other objective responsibilities, he became more extraverted, an attitude that prevailed until he experienced a midlife crisis and entered a period of extreme introversion. - Jung decided to become a physician after dreaming of making scientific discoveries and he specialized in psychiatry. - While still in medical school, Jung began to attend a series of seances with relatives from the Preiswerk family, including his first cousin Helene Preiswerk, who claimed she could communicate with dead people. - In 1903, he married Emma Rauschenbach, a young sophisticated woman from a wealthy Swiss family. - Jung had read Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams soon after it appeared, but he was not much impressed with it. - When he reread the book a few years later, he had a better understanding of Freud’s ideas and was moved to begin interpreting his own dreams. - In 190, Jung and Freud began a steady correspondence. - The following year, Freud invited Carl and Emma Jung to Vienna. - Immediately, both Freud and Jung developed a strong mutual respect and affection for one another, talking during their first meeting for 13 straight hours and well into the early morning hours. 1

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Freud believed that Jung was the ideal person to be his successor Jung's qualifications prompted Freud to select Jung as the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. In 1909, G. Stanley Hall, the president of Clark University and one of the first psychologists in the United States, invited Jung and Freud to deliver a series of lectures at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. During their 7-week trip and while they were in daily contact, an underlying tension between Jung and Freud slowly began to simmer. This personal tension was not diminished when the two now-famous psychoanalysts began to interpret each other’s dreams, a pastime likely to strain any relationship. Jung was involved with romantic affair with Sabina Spielrein. Jung’s “mother complex” caused him to harbor animosity toward his wife, but a more likely explanation is that Jung needed more than one woman to satisfy the two aspects of his personality. However, the two women who shared Jung’s life for nearly 40 years were his wife Emma and another former patient named Antonia (Toni) Wolff. Emma Jung seemed to have related better to Jung’s No. 1 personality while Toni Wolff was more in touch with his No. 2 personality. Emma Jung realized that Toni Wolff could do more for Carl than she (or anyone else) could, and she remained grateful to Wolff. In a letter to Freud dated January 30, 1910, Jung wrote: “The prerequisite for a good marriage, it seems to me, is the license to be unfaithful” In 1913, they terminated their personal correspondence, and the following year, Jung resigned the presidency and shortly afterward withdrew his membership in the International Psychoanalytic Association. In 1907, Jung wrote to Freud of his “boundless admiration” for him and confessed that his veneration “has something of the character of a ‘religious’ crush” and that it had an “undeniable erotic undertone.”

TOP CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY - When Jung was 18 years old, he was sexually assaulted by an older man whom he has “worshipped” - Elms (994) suggested that Jung’s rejection of Freud’s sexual theories may have stemmed from his ambivalent sexual feelings toward Freud. - The years immediately following the break with Freud were filled with loneliness and self-analysis for Jung. - From December of 1913 until 1917, he underwent the most profound and dangerous experience of his life— a trip through the underground of his own unconscious psyche. “creative illness,” was like Freud’s selfanalysis. Both men began their search for self while in their late30s or early 40s: - Although Jung’s journey into the unconscious was dangerous and painful, it was also necessary and fruitful. By using dream interpretation and active imagination to force himself through his underground journey, Jung eventually was able to create his unique theory of personality - During this period, he heard his anima speak to him in a clear feminine voice; he discovered his shadow, the evil side of his personality; he spoke with the wise old man and the great mother archetypes; and finally, near the end of his journey, he achieved a kind of psychological rebirth called individuation. - After his wife died in 1955, he was mostly alone, the “wise old man of Küsnacht.” He died June 6, 1961, in Zürich, a few weeks short of his 86th birthday. - At the time of his death, Jung’s reputation was worldwide, extending beyond psychology to include philosophy, religion, and popular culture.

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LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE Conscious - Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego, whereas unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego. - Jung saw the ego as the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality. - Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious. - In a psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a secondary position to the unconscious self. - An overemphasis on expanding one’s conscious psyche Can lead to psychological imbalance. - Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious world, but they also allow themselves to experience their unconscious self and thus to achieve individuation.

TOP CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY - The collective unconscious is responsible for people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs. - It also produces “big dreams,” that is, dreams with meaning beyond the individual dreamer and that are filled with significance for people of every time and place. - The collective unconscious does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency. Ex: Babies -

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The collective unconscious is humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency. The innate potential requires an individual experience before it will become activated. Ex: Attraction

Personal Unconscious - The personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one individual. - Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes. o A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas. - Complexes may be partly conscious and may stem from both the personal and the collective unconscious.

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People have as many of these inherited tendencies as they have typical situations in life. Countless repetitions of these typical situations have made them part of the human biological constitution. With more repetition these forms begin to develop some content and to emerge as relatively autonomous archetypes

ARCHETYPES Ex.: Man Collective Unconscious - Distant ancestors’ experiences with universal concepts such as God, mother, water, earth, and so forth have been transmitted through the generations so that people in every clime and time have been influenced by their primitive ancestors’ primordial experiences - Therefore, the contents of the collective unconscious are the same for people in all cultures. - The contents of the collective unconscious do not lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions.

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Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. Archetypes should also be distinguished from instincts. Jung defined an instinct as an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct. Dreams are the main source of archetypal material, and certain dreams offer what Jung considered proof for the existence of the archetype. Jung believed that hallucinations of psychotic patients also offered evidence for universal archetypes 3

A. Persona - The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the persona. - Jung’s concept of the persona may have originated from experiences with his No. 1 personality, which had to make accommodations to the outside world. - Each of us, Jung believed, should project a particular role, one that society dictates to each one of us. - Although the persona is a necessary side of our personality, we should not confuse our public face with our complete self. - If we identify too closely with our persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining self-realization. - True, we must acknowledge society, but if we over identify with our persona, we lose touch with our inner self and remain dependent on society’s expectations of us. - To become psychologically healthy, Jung believed, we must strike a balance between the demands of society and what we truly are. - To be oblivious of one’s persona is to underestimate the importance of society, but to be unaware of one’s deep individuality is to become society’s puppet B. Shadow - The shadow, the archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others. - Jung contended that, to be whole, we must continually strive to know our shadow and that this quest is our first test of courage. - It is easier to project the dark side of our personality onto others, to see in them the ugliness and evil that we refuse to see in ourselves. - Unfortunately, most of us never realize our shadow but identify only with the bright side of our personality. - People who never realize their shadow may, nevertheless, come under its power and lead tragic lives, constantly running into “bad luck” and reaping harvests of defeat and discouragement for themselves

TOP CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY C. Anima - Like Freud, Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side. - The feminine side of men originates in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness - Few men become well acquainted with their anima because this task requires great courage and is even more difficult than becoming acquainted with their shadow. - To master the projections of the anima, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their personality. - The process of gaining acquaintance with his anima was Jung’s second test of courage. - Like all men, Jung could recognize his anima only after learning to feel comfortable with his shadow. - A man is especially inclined to project his anima onto his wife or lover and to see her not as she really is but as his personal and collective unconscious have determined her - This anima can be the source of much misunderstanding in male-female relationships, but it may also be responsible for the alluring mystique woman has in the psyche of men. - A man may dream about a woman with no definite image and no identity. - The anima need not appear in dreams as a woman, but can be represented by a feeling or mood D. Animus - The masculine archetype in women is called the animus. Whereas the anima represents irrational moods and feelings, the animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. - It can influence the thinking of a woman, yet it does not actually belong to her. - It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from the encounters of prehistoric women with men. - Couple experiences (personal& collective) with projections from the man’s anima and with images from his personal unconscious, and you have the basic ingredients of any female-male relationship. 4

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Jung believed that the animus is responsible for thinking and opinion in women just as the anima produces feelings and moods in men. The animus is also the explanation for the irrational thinking and illogical opinions often attributed to women. If a woman is dominated by her animus, no logical or emotional appeal can shake her from her prefabricated beliefs

E. Great Mother - Everyone, man, or woman, possesses a great mother archetype. - This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings. - The great mother, therefore, represents two opposing forces—fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other. - She can produce and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction). F. Wise Old Man - The wise old man, archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. - Political, religious, and social prophets who appeal to reason as well as emotion (archetypes are always emotionally tinged) are guided by this unconscious archetype. - The wise old man archetype is personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru, doctor, or priest. - He appears in fairy tales as the king, the sage, or the magician who comes to the aid of the troubled protagonist and, through superior wisdom, he helps the protagonist escape from myriad misadventures.

TOP CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY - Heroic deeds can be performed only by someone who is vulnerable, such as Achilles or the comic book character Superman, whose only weakness was the chemical element kryptonite. - An immortal person with no weakness cannot be a hero. H. Self - Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self. - The most comprehensive of all archetypes, the self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of selfrealization. - Like the other archetypes, it possesses conscious and personal unconscious components, but it is mostly formed by collective unconscious images. - As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the Mandala. - This latter motif stands for unity, totality, and order— that is, self-realization “Individuation”. - Self-realization is seldom if ever achieved, but as an ideal it exists within the collective unconscious of everyone. - To actualize or fully experience the self, people must overcome their fear of the unconscious; prevent their persona from dominating their personality; recognize the dark side of themselves (their shadow); and then muster even greater courage to face their anima or animus.

G. Hero - The hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons. - In the end, however, the hero often is undone by some seemingly insignificant person or event 5

TOP CARL GUSTAV JUNG: ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY toward the objective and away from the subjective. - Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world. - Psychologically healthy people attain a balance of the two attitudes, feeling equally comfortable with their internal and their external worlds

FUNCTIONS:

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY Causality and Teleology - Collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and self-realization “individuation.” Progression and Regression - To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to their outside environment but to their inner world as well. - Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression. - Both progression and regression are essential if people are to achieve individual growth or self-realization

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES 1. Attitudes - Jung defined an attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. 2. Introversion - According to Jung, introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. 3. Extraversion - In contrast to introversion, extraversion is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented

a. Thinking - Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas. o Extraverted thinking people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas if these ideas have been transmitted to them from without. Ex: Research scientists, accountants, mathematicians o

Introverted thinking people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves. Ex: Philosophers, theoretical scientists, some inventors

uiremntsFeeling - Jung used the term feeling to describe the process of evaluating an idea or event. - Perhaps a more accurate word would be valuing - The feeling function should be distinguished from emotion. - Feeling is the evaluation...