Cellular Metabolism Review PDF

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Summary

BIOL 1107
Cellular Metabolism Review...

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Cellular Metabolism Review Sheet Metabolism- totality of chemical reactions within a cell/organism Metabolic Pathways: A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds

Catabolism

fuels for 

Large molecules are broken down energy released (Exergonic Reaction)

Ex: cellular respiration

Energy 

Anabolism

Small molecules are assembled into larger ones energy required (Endergonic Reaction)

Ex: DNA replication, photosynthesis, protein synthesis

ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)-

-ability to do work, - Immediate source of energy to power cellular work catalyze reactions, and - type of nucleotide- consists of nitrogenous base adenine, the fight entropy (randomness) sugar ribose, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups -Molecules possess energy  -releases free energy when phosphate bonds are broken down because of arrangement   -u  sed to drive endergonic reactions in cells of their atoms Bioenergetics: study of how organisms manage their energy resources Thermodynamics: the study of energy transformations  Closed system- energy and matter isolated from surroundings  Open System- energy  and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. -Organisms are open systems- They absorb energy—light or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules—and release heat and metabolic waste products such as urea or CO2 to their surroundings

Kinetic Energy Relative motion of objects  eat or thermal energy H 

Potential Energy Energy that matter possesses due to location or structure chemical energy-stored in molecules due to arrangement of atoms.

First Law of Thermodynamics

 -energy can be transferred and transformed, but

 Second Law of Thermodynamics -every energy transfer or transformation increases

cannot be created or destroyed Aka Principle of Conservation of Energy

○ ○

entropy of the universe

Free Energy- System energy for work: ∆G Positive ∆G : energy absorbing/ taking/ anabolic (Endergonic) Negative ∆G : energy releasing/ giving/ catabolic (Exergonic)

Energy Coupling- the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one -Endergonic + exergonic = -∆G  Phosphorylation-

 - addition of phosphate to ADP to

Hydrolysis-  - ATP bonds between phosphate groups can be broken by hydrolysis 

form ATP

Enzymes 

- unstable: hydrolysis yields energy (Biological Catalysts) because products are more stable -chemical agent- selectively increases rate of - regulate metabolic pathways reaction without being consumed by reaction - Release of energy during the - speed up or inhibit processes hydrolysis of ATP comes from -enzyme  and substrate bind and change shapechemical change to a state of put stress on molecule -> needing less E to break lower free energy, not from phosphate -Active site (w  here enzyme binds to protein or bonds other substance during reaction)= region substrate induced fit model (Lock & Key) Effects on Enzyme Activity: -Temperature & pH -Cofactor  nonprotein molecule Required for proper functioning of an enzyme Coenzyme- organic molecule serving as a cofactor



Enzyme Inhibitors

Reversible Allosteric regulation 

binding of a regulatory molecule  to a protein at 1 site that affects the

v s.

-Hydrogen Bond

  Competitive

Irreversible  -Covalent Bond

vs.

- blocks Activation Site

Noncompetitive  - Shuts down enzyme

Activation Energy

function at a different site

- energy needed to push reactants over energy barrier so that reaction can proceed...