Ch 1 questions - Professor: Jennifer Putney PDF

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Professor: Jennifer Putney...

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1. Scientific ____ refers to an approach in which ideas must be evaluated on the basis of careful logic and the results from scientific investigations. Skepticism 2. An accurate statement about empiricism is that it is ______. a. related to intuition and blind acceptance of authority b. based on the notion of accepting statements on faith and belief c. the fundamental characteristic of scientific methods d. the approach of accepting ideas unquestioningly 3. The data from a study on the effect of team sports on social relationships showed that people who play team sports have better social relationships. It also showed that people who did not play team sports had less successful social interactions. In the context of types of evidence described by Cook and Campbell (1979), the type of evidence used in this study is called ______. a. illusory correlation b. normative influence c. covariation of cause and effect d. elimination of alternative explanations 4. A research group studies children's ability to visualize characters based on the characters' descriptions given in storybooks. In this scenario, the research best exemplifies ______. a. alternative research b. program research c. basic research d. pseudoscientific research 5. A background in research methods will help people do which of the following? (Check all that apply.) a. satisfy native curiosity b. assess the effectiveness of programs designed to achieve certain goals c. negate the need to employ the scientific method d. evaluate research reports e. help evaluate public policy decisions 6. In the context of behavioral research, it is accurate to say that it is concerned with ______. a. immediate practical implications b. fundamental questions about the nature of behavior c. basic processes of cognition d. basic processes of behavior 7.

8. Many people in society, including legislators who control the budgets of research-granting agencies of the government, have demanded that all research be directly relevant to specific social issues. The problem with this attitude toward research is that ______. a. research has no significant application in public policy b. research that has no apparent practical value is ineffectual c. basic research can never be relevant to social issues d. one can never predict the ultimate applications of basic research 9. If a scientific idea is falsified by data when it is tested, science is thereby advanced because this result will ______. a. encourage ideas based on cognitive or motivational biases b. encourage research based on intuition c. spur research on mythological concepts d. spur the development of new and better ideas 10. A research study analyzed the effect of a government's new health care policy. In this scenario, the research study is best classified as ______. a. basic research b. pseudoscientific research c. social evaluation d. program evaluation 11. In scientific research, a scientist begins with careful observation because the first goal of science is to ______. a. describe behavior b. draw causal relationships between events c. make theoretical claims about behavior d. predict behavior 12. When explaining a behavior in a research study, a scientist seeks to understand ______. a. why the behavior occurs b. the consequences of the behavior c. the frequency of the behavior's occurrence d. he time when the behavior occurs 13. True or false: Basic research is considered more important than and superior to applied research. False 14. In the context of the primary ways of knowing, identify an accurate statement about relying on intuition to make conclusions about human behavior. a. It leads to finding substantial explanations for others' behaviors. b. It involves a scientific approach for studying human behavior.

c. It leads to an unquestioned acceptance of personal judgments or personal experiences. d. It rarely involves finding an explanation for one's own behavior or others' behaviors. 15. A cognitive bias that occurs when one is predisposed to conclude there is a causal relationship between two events that stand out and occur together is called ______. a. the regression fallacy b. illusory correlation c. a suppressed correlative d. the continuum fallacy 16. In behavioral research, which of the following is conducted to address issues in which there are practical problems and potential solutions? a. physical research b. basic research c. applied research d. pseudoscience research 17. In the context of the primary ways of knowing, identify a problem associated with accepting on faith the statements of any authority. a. The statements are based on expensive research and surveys. b. The statements are always factual and require a lot of data. c. The statements are based on time-consuming research. d. The statements may not be true. 18. Which of the following are characteristics of scientific inquiry, according to Goodstein's "evolved theory of science"? (Check all that apply.) a. Scientists are not alone. b. Science is adversarial. c. Data plays a central role. d. Faith is centered in illusory correlation. e. Scientific evidence is peer reviewed. f. Intuition is central 19. According to scientific skepticism, scientists ______. a. recognize that their personal ideas are always correct b. do not accept on faith the pronouncements of anyone c. recognize that only statements of authority can be the source of ideas about behavior d. do not question anyone's intuitions 20. True or false: It is important to learn research methods, because research findings influence political positions, legislation, and judicial decisions.

True 21. In the context of the scientific approach, the role of ______ is central and fundamental when scientists search for observations that will verify or reject their ideas about the world. a. Faith b. Data c. Authority d. Intuition 22. According to the "evolved theory of science" described by Goldstein (2000), which of the following is a characteristic of scientific inquiry? a. Scientific inquiry is purely theoretical and concerned with abstract concepts. b. Good scientific ideas cannot be argued against and are c. Observations made by scientists are accurately reported to other scientists and the public. d. Scientific inquiry is not revealed to the scientific community or to the public. 23. According to Goodstein's "evolved theory of science," one characteristic of scientific inquiry is that science is adversarial. This means that science is ______. a. an approach in which those who disagree with a scientific idea conceal their research findings b. a way of thinking in which a scientific idea cannot be evaluated by others c. a way of thinking in which ideas do battle with other ideas in order to move ever closer to truth d. an approach where all scientific research is accepted without conducting any tests 24. After a researcher has written a report, other scientists review it before it is published in a top-quality scientific journal. This process is known as _______ review Peer 25. Identify an advantage of using the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the world. a. It accepts personal judgments and personal experiences unquestioningly. b. It is an open system that allows ideas to be refuted or supported by others. c. It is a system specifically based on cognitive and motivational biases. d. It is a closed system that is based on the perceptions of scientists regarding causal relationships.

26. A pharmaceutical company claims that substantial scientific research has proven that its product guarantees a permanent cure for obesity. However, researchers find that the company's claim has no valid basis in scientific research. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely used by the company to substantiate its claims? a. Pseudoscience b. applied science c. physical science d. medical science 27. Which of the following claims made in a research paper is pseudoscientific? a. a claim based on scientific evidence with clear information on how the evidence was obtained b. a testable claim that can be refuted c. claim written in precise, objective language based on scientific evidence d. a claim by scientific experts based on their intuitions 28. A skilled consumer of research would ask which of the following questions about any research study? (Check all that apply.) a. Have other researchers found similar results? b. How do they know that one thing caused another? c. What does my intuition tell me? d. What was measured? e. To what or who can we generalize the results? f. Can it be accepted on blind faith? 29. When determining the causes of behavior, nothing other than a causal variable could be responsible for the observed effect. According to Cook and Campbell (1979), this type of evidence is called elimination of _____ ________. Alternative explanations 30. A research group studies the effect of performance incentives on the productivity of employees and suggests better performance-enhancing programs. In this scenario, the study best exemplifies ______. a. basic research b. pseudoscientific research c. program research d. applied research 31. What are the primary implications of being able to predict behavior through scientific research? (Check all that apply.) a. One can make better decisions. b. One can anticipate events. c. One can make untestable claims.

d. One can ignore the causes of behavior. 32. Goodstein's "evolved theory of science" describes ______. a. the need to place faith in authority b. the importance of intuition in scientific inquiry c. alternative explanations to scientific inquiry d. the characteristics of scientific inquiry 33. In the context of determining the causes of behavior, a temporal order of events in which the cause precedes the effect is known as Temporal precedence 34....