Ch 10 - GOOD PRACTICE PDF

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Chapter 10—Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A bacterial chromosome consists of: a. a linear DNA molecule many times larger than the cell. b. a circular DNA molecule many times larger than the cell. c. a circular DNA molecule smaller than the cell. d. a linear DNA molecule smaller than the cell. e. a linear or circular DNA molecule smaller than the cell. ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 214

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

2. Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of: a. circular DNA molecules complexed with positively charged nonhistone proteins. b. circular DNA molecules complexed with negatively charged histone proteins. c. linear DNA molecules complexed with positively charged histone proteins. d. linear DNA molecules complexed with negatively charged histone proteins. e. circular DNA molecules. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 214

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

3. Nucleosomes are best described as: a. eukaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins. b. prokaryotic DNA associated with nonhistone proteins. c. eukaryotic DNA associated with nonhistone proteins. d. prokaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins. e. eukaryotic DNA associated with scaffolding proteins. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 214

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

4. Each nucleosome has __________ base pairs of DNA wrapped around a disc-shaped core of eight histone molecules. a. 146 b. 28 c. 18 d. 10,000 e. 456 ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 214

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

5. What is the function of nucleosomes? a. To prevent DNA strands from tangling. b. To help DNA replicate. c. To make RNA synthesis possible. d. To prevent RNA from tangling with DNA during transcription. e. To prevent histones from tangling. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 215

Chapter 10—Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

140

6. Nucleosomes are organized into large coiled loops held together by: a. histones. b. centromeres. c. kinetochore proteins. d. scaffolding proteins. e. condensins. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 215

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

7. The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of __________ and M phase. a. interphase b. meiosis I c. crossing-over d. meiosis II e. mitosis ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 217

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

8. The M phase of the cell cycle involves two main processes: a. mitosis and cytokinesis. b. meiosis I and meiosis II. c. homologous pairing and crossing-over. d. interphase and mitosis. e. mitosis and meiosis. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 217

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

9. Once nerve cells become mature, they don't usually undergo cell division. Based on your knowledge of the cell cycle, you would predict that mature nerve cells become arrested in the __________ of the cell cycle. a. G0 phase b. S phase c. prophase d. G1 phase e. G2 phase ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 217

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

10. Chromosomes are duplicated during __________ of the cell cycle. a. G1 phase b. G2 phase c. S phase d. metaphase e. prophase ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 217

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

11. Which of the following represents the overall sequence of events during mitosis? a. prophase  metaphase  anaphase  telophase b. interphase  metaphase  anaphase  telophase c. anaphase  telophase  metaphase  interphase d. interphase  prophase  anaphase  metaphase e. metaphase  telophase  anaphase  prophase ANS: A 12. If a cell is in G2:

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REF: p. 217

Chapter 10—Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

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a. b. c. d. e.

it has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus. it has visibly distinct chromosomes. it lacks a visible nuclear membrane. it is in mitosis. it is in cytokinesis.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 217

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

13. During prophase, __________ is(are) compacted into visible chromosomes. a. chromatin b. centrioles c. centromeres d. kinetochores e. colchicine ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 218

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

14. The __________ is responsible for the separation of the chromosomes during __________ of mitosis. a. cell wall; anaphase b. flagellum; metaphase c. mitotic spindle; anaphase d. kinetochore; prophase e. centromere; telophase ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 218-219

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

15. __________ contain identical DNA sequences and are held together by __________ during mitosis. a. Daughter chromosomes; hydrogen bonding b. Daughter chromosomes; ionic bonding c. Sister chromatids; spindle fibers d. Sister chromosomes; histone proteins e. Sister chromatids; centromeres ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 218

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

REF: p. 218

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

16. The mitotic spindle is made of: a. collagen. b. condensin. c. histones. d. keratin. e. microtubules. ANS: E

PTS: 1

17. The kinetochore serves which of the following functions? a. Kinetochores anchor spindle fibers to the centrioles. b. Kinetochores are the site of DNA synthesis. c. Kinetochores regulate the length of the cell cycle. d. Kinetochores attach to microtubules during mitosis. e. Kinetochores are involved in cytokinesis. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 218-219

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

18. All of the following events occur during prometaphase EXCEPT:

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a. b. c. d. e.

the nuclear envelope breaks down. the nucleoli disappear. the mitotic spindle is completely assembled. the spindle fibers "capture" chromosomes. the duplicated chromosomes become visible with the light microscope.

ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 220

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

19. A cell is in metaphase if: a. the chromosomes are visible as threadlike structures. b. the nuclear envelope is clearly visible. c. the chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell. d. the chromosome are separated into distinct groups at opposite poles of the cell. e. cytokinesis is occurring. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 220

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

20. Duplicated centrioles move to opposite poles of a dividing __________ cell during __________ of the cell cycle. a. plant; metaphase b. plant; anaphase c. prokaryotic; metaphase d. animal; interphase e. animal; prophase ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 219-220

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

21. The chromosome makeup of an individual organism is called a: a. kinetochore. b. chromosome plot. c. centromere. d. karyotype. e. centriole. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 221

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

22. Chromosomes are condensed to their greatest extent during __________ of mitosis. a. metaphase b. prophase c. telophase d. interphase e. anaphase ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 221

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

23. Cytokinesis in animal cells involves contraction of a ring of __________ microfilaments. a. tubulin plus actin b. actin plus myosin c. cyclin plus myosin d. keratin plus actin e. cyclin plus actin ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 222

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

24. Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs via the formation of a(n):

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a. b. c. d. e.

aster. mitotic spindle. Golgi complex. cell wall. cell plate.

ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 222

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

25. Generation time refers to: a. the number of years it takes for a generation to die. b. the amount of time required to replicate the DNA in a cell. c. the time it takes to complete one cell cycle. d. the time required for an individual in a species to achieve sexual maturity. e. the time it takes for a new mitotic spindle to form. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 223

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

26. If a cell is dividing by binary fission then you know that: a. mitosis has taken place without cytokinesis. b. homologous chromosomes have already paired. c. the cyclin-Cdk complex is no longer phosphorylating enzymes. d. the cell cycle is out of control. e. the cell is prokaryotic. ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 223

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

27. To prevent disastrous consequences, the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by: a. the mitochondria. b. helper viruses. c. environmental signals. d. a very detailed, rigid genetic program. e. a series of cell cycle checkpoints. ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 224

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

28. Which of the following statements concerning the cell cycle is FALSE? a. The activity of Cdks increases and decreases during the cell cycle. b. Cyclins fluctuate during the cell cycle. c. Cdks are active only when they bind to cyclins. d. The anaphase-promoting complex stimulates the separation of sister chromatids e. M-Cdk inhibits mitosis. ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 224

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

29. The correct number of chromosomes is maintained during sexual reproduction by: a. a process by which one half of the chromosomes in gametes are removed. b. chromosome doubling in the newly formed zygote. c. meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half. d. mitosis, which maintains the original chromosome number. e. replication of chromosomes twice during meiosis. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 227

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

30. Animal cells are stimulated to divide by mitosis by:

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a. b. c. d. e.

colchicines. magnetic fields. mating. growth factors. nutrients.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 225

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

31. If meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms, then: a. growth of the zygote would be halted. b. mitosis would be sufficient. c. gametes would remain haploid. d. chromosome number would double in each generation. e. eggs would be haploid, but sperm would be diploid. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 226-227

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

32. What evolutionary advantage is provided by sexual reproduction? a. increased genetic diversity b. making clones c. making diploidy possible d. making polyploidy possible e. being able to work with chromosomes ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 226

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

REF: p. 226

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

33. Plant clones can be produced by: a. sexual reproduction. b. fertilization. c. gamete production. d. asexual reproduction. e. binary fission. ANS: D

PTS: 1

34. Plant hormones known as __________ stimulate mitosis. a. gametophytes b. kinesin and dynein c. cytokinins d. colchicines e. kinetochores ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 225

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

REF: p. 227

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

35. Most human somatic cells are: a. polyploid. b. diploid. c. aneuploid. d. tetraploid. e. haploid. ANS: B

PTS: 1

36. Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during:

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a. b. c. d. e.

anaphase I. prophase I. anaphase II. telophase II. prophase II.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 230

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

37. During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes lie side by side. This phenomeon is known as: a. chromatid pairing. b. divalent formation. c. tetrad formation. d. paternal pairing. e. parental pairing. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 230

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

38. A maternal homologue and a paternal homologue synapse to form: a. a tetrad. b. a parental pair. c. a paternal pair. d. sister chromatids. e. a maternal pair. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 230

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

39. During which phase does crossing-over occur? a. interphase b. prophase I c. metaphase I d. prophase II e. metaphase II ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 230

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

40. A zygote contains the __________ complement of chromosomes. a. haploid b. diploid c. polyploid d. spermatogenesis e. none of these ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 227

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

41. In a human cell at prophase I, there are __________ tetrads. a. 92 b. 46 c. 23 d. 2 e. 4 ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 230

Chapter 10—Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

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42. An animal with a diploid number of 36 chromosomes will have __________ chromosomes in its gametes and __________ chromosomes in its somatic cells. a. 18; 18 b. 18; 36 c. 36; 18 d. 36; 36 e. 36; 72 ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 226-227

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

43. During prophase I, each chiasma represents: a. the remnants of the nuclear membrane. b. the remnant of the nucleolus. c. a newly formed haploid gamete. d. a site of crossing-over. e. the site where sister chromatids are connected. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 230

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

44. During which of the following stages of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate? a. metaphase I b. anaphase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase II e. telophase II ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 231

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

45. Which of the following events does not occur in prophase II? a. formation of the spindle b. condensation of chromatin into chromosomes c. formation of chiasmata d. removal of the nuclear membrane e. sister chromatids become visible when viewed with the light microscope. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 231

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

46. The sources of genetic variation during meiosis are: a. crossing-over and the random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes. b. crossing-over and random pairing of tetrads. c. random pairing of tetrads and mutations. d. polyploidy and random pairing of tetrads. e. random pairing of tetrads and random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 231

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

47. Which of the following events does not occur during meiosis I? a. DNA exchange b. pairing of homologous chromosomes c. separation of sister chromatids d. separation of homologous chromosomes e. crossing-over between homologous chromosomes ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 231

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Figure 10-1 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).

48. Refer to Figure 10-1. Which of the following combinations of letters accurately represents two sister chromatids? a. A and B b. A and C c. A and D d. A and E e. B and F ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 231

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

49. Refer to Figure 10-1. Which of the following combinations of letters accurately represents two homologous chromatids? a. A and B b. A and C c. A and D d. B and F e. D and E ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 231

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

REF: p. 233

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

50. The formation of female gametes is termed: a. oogenesis. b. macrogenesis. c. spermatogenesis. d. ovogenesis. e. microgenesis. ANS: A

PTS: 1

51. Which of the following are NOT produced by meiosis? a. polar bodies b. animal eggs c. animal sperm d. plant spores e. zygotes. ANS: E

PTS: 1

REF: p. 233

Chapter 10—Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

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Figure 10-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).

52. Refer to Figure 10-2. The chromosome complement of item 6 in the life cycle is: a. twenty. b. haploid. c. diploid. d. forty-eight. e. four. ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 232-233

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

53. Refer to Figure 10-2. The process occurring at arrow 3 in the associated figure is: a. fertilization. b. G1. c. meiosis. d. mitosis. e. fusion. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 232-233

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

REF: p. 233

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

REF: p. 233

OBJ: Bloom's: Application

54. Gametophyte plants produce gametes using: a. mitosis. b. meiosis. c. fertilization. d. polyploidy. e. sporogenesis. ANS: A

PTS: 1

55. Sporophyte plants produce spores using: a. mitosis. b. meiosis. c. fertilization. d. macrogenesis. e. microgenesis. ANS: B

PTS: 1

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SHORT ANSWER 1. List the stages in the eukaryotic cell cycle and identify the principal events characteristic of each stage. ANS: The cell cycle consists of Interphase (consisting of the G1, S, and G2 phases) and the M phase (consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis). In the G1 phase, the cell makes preparations to duplicate the DNA, in the S phase the DNA is duplicated, and in the G2 phase the cell prepares to divide the chromosomes. In the M phase the chromosomes are divided, and in cytokinesis the cytoplasm is divided. PTS: 1

REF: p. 217

OBJ: Bloom's: Knowledge

2. Draw a duplicated chromosome. Now, label each part of the chromosome with both its function and its identity. ANS: The drawing should resemble the illustration on p. 219; the functions are provided in the caption to that figure. PTS: 1

REF: p. 219

OBJ: Bloom's: Comprehension

3. Compare and contrast the general processes of asexual and sexual reproduction. ANS: Both processes involve the formation of new individuals. In asexual reproduction the parent cell splits (usually via mitosis), buds, or fragments to produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent. In sexual reproduction, new individuals are produced via the union of two gametes (produced via meiosis), and the offspring are genetically different from the parent. PTS: 1

REF: p. 226-227

OBJ: Bloom's: Analysis

4. Draw two cells: one showing the arrangement of chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis, and the other showing the chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis. What is the significance of this difference? ANS: The drawing should resemble Fig. 10-9a (for mitosis) and the Metaphase I drawing on p.229 (for meiosis). In mitosis, the homologous chromosomes line up singly on the cell’s midplane whereas in meiosis the homologous chromosomes line up as pairs. This arrangement in meiosis is a necessary preparation for the following stage (anaphase I) in which the homologous pairs separate, thus leading to the halving of chro...