Ch 10 vocab PDF

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Module 8: Chapter 10 Vocabulary Motivation A set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal." (Huffman 275) Instinct Fixed, unlearned response patterns found in almost all members of a species. Drive-reduction theory The theory that motivation begins with a physiological need (a lack or deficiency) that elicits a drive toward behavior that will satisfy the original need; once the need is met, a state of balance (homeostasis) is restored, and motivation decreases. Homeostasis The body’s tendency to main- tain a relatively balanced and stable internal state, such as a constant internal temperature." (Huffman 275) Optimal-arousal theory The theory that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal" (Huffman 276) Incentive theory The theory that motivation results from external stimuli that “pull” an organism in certain directions." (Huffman 277) Obesity Having a body mass index of 30 or above, based on height and weight" (Huffman 282) Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder char- acterized by severe loss of weight resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obses- sive fear of obesity.Bulimia nervosa An eating disorder charac- terized by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative use (purging)." (Huffman 283) Binge-eating disorder An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of con- suming large amounts of food in a discrete period of time, while feeling a lack of con- trol, but not followed by purge behaviors." (Huffman 284) Achievement motivation The desire to excel, especially in competition with others." (Huffman 285) Sexual response cycle Masters and Johnson’s description of the four-stage bodily response to sexual arousal, which consists of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.Sexual orientation A primary erotic attrac- tion toward members of the same sex (homo- sexual, gay, lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or the other sex (heterosexual)." (Huffman 286) Sexual prejudice A negative attitude toward an individual because of her or his sexual orientation.Extrinsic motivation Motivation for a task or activity based on external rewards or threats of punishment.Intrinsic motivation Motivation for a task or activity based on internal, personal satisfaction." (Huffman 288) Emotion A complex pattern of feelings that includes arousal (heart pounding), cognitions (thoughts, values, and expectations), and expressive behaviors (smiles, frowns, and gestures)." (Huffman 290) Amygdala A part of the limbic system structure linked to the production and regulation of emotions" (Huffman 291)

James-Lange theory A theory of emotion which suggests that the subjective experi- ence of emotion results from physiological changes rather than being their cause (“I feel sad because I’m crying”); in this view, each emotion is physiologically distinct.Cannon-Bard theory A theory which states that emotions and physiological changes occur simultaneously (“I’m crying and feeling sad at the same time”); in this view, all emo- tions are physiologically similar.Two-factor theory Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion depends upon two factors—physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal." (Huffman 293) Facial-feedback hypothesis The hypothesis that movements of the facial muscles produce and/or intensify our subjective expe- rience of emotion." (Huffman 295) Polygraph An instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness." (Huffman 297) Huffman, Karen, Catherine Sanderson. Real World Psychology. Wiley, 2013-12-09. VitalBook file....