Ch 14 vocab - ch 14 PDF

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Module 10: Chapter 14 Vocabulary Social psychology: The branch of psychology that studies how others influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions; it also studies group and intergroup phenomena. Social cognition: How we think about and interpret ourselves and others. Attribution: The principles we follow when making judgments about the causes of events, others’ behavior, and our own behavior. Fundamental attribution error (FA): The tendency of observers to overestimate the influence of internal, dispositional factors on a person’s behavior, while underestimating the impact of external, situational factors. Saliency bias: A type of attributional bias in which people tend to focus on the most noticeable (salient) factors when explaining the causes of behavior. Self- serving bias: A type of attributional bias in which we take credit for our successes, but blame our failures on other people or events. Actor–observer effect: The tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external ( situational) factors while attributing others ’ actions to internal ( dispositional) causes. Attitude: The learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object, person, place, thing, or event in an evaluative way. Cognitive dissonance: The unpleasant tension and anxiety caused by a discrepancy between two or more conflicting attitudes or between attitudes and behaviors. Social influence: How situational factors and other people affect us. Conformity: Changes in behavior, attitudes, or values because of real or imagined group pressure. Normative social influence: Conforming to group pressure out of a need to be liked, accepted, and approved of by others. Informational social influence: Conforming to a group out of a need for information and direction. Reference groups: The people we conform to, or go along with, because we like, admire, and want to be like them Obedience: Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure.

Foot- in- the- door technique: An initial, small request is used as a setup for a later, larger request. Deindividuation: The reduced self-consciousness, inhibition, and personal responsibility that sometimes occurs in a group, particularly when the members feel anonymous. Group polarization: The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme (either riskier or more conservative), depending on the members’ initial dominant tendency. Groupthink: The faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement, especially if it is in line with the leader ’ s viewpoint, and avoids contradictory information. Social relations: How we develop and are affected by interpersonal relationships. Prejudice: A learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group; it includes thoughts (stereotypes), feelings, and behavioral tendencies (discrimination). Stereotypes: Generalizations about a group of people in which the same characteristics are assigned to all members of the group; also, the cognitive component of prejudice. Discrimination: Negative behaviors directed at others because of their membership in a particular group. Ingroup favoritism: Viewing members of the ingroup more positively than members of an outgroup. Outgroup homogeneity effect: Judging members of an outgroup as more alike and less diverse than members of the ingroup. Implicit bias: A hidden, automatic attitude that may guide behaviors independent of a person’s awareness or control. Aggression: Any behavior intended to cause psychological or physical harm to another individual. Frustration–aggression hypothesis: A hypothesis which states that the blocking of a desired goal (frustration) creates anger that may lead to aggression. Altruism: Prosocial behaviors designed to help others, with no obvious benefit to the helper. Evolutionary theory of helping: A theory which states that altruism is an instinctual behavior that has evolved because it favors survival of one’s genes.

Egoistic model of helping: A theory which states that altruism is motivated by anticipated gain— later reciprocation, increased self- esteem, or avoidance of distress and guilt. Bystander effect: A phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one individual will feel responsible for seeking help or giving aid to someone who is in need of help. Interpersonal attraction: Positive feelings toward another. Mere-exposure effect: A developed preference for people or things simply because they are familiar. Triarchic theory of love: Sternberg’s theory that different stages and types of love result from three basic components— intimacy, passion, and commitment. Consummate love: Sternberg’s strongest and most enduring type of love, based on a balanced combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Romantic love: An intense feeling of attraction to another in an erotic context. Companionate love: Strong and lasting attraction characterized by deep and lasting trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship....