Ch 14 quizlet - Quizez PDF

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Psychopathology Study online at quizlet.com/_8gd7mv 1.

Abnormal 3 D's

Often judged according to the three D's but not always appropriately Deviance, Distress and Dysfunction

2.

Addiction

compulsive drug craving and use

3.

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

4.

Affective Disorders

Emotional disorders that are characterized by changes in mood such as depression or mania

5.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

6.

Although mental health researchers have disagreed in the past about the causes of disordered behaviour, most researchers in Western cultures now agree that the ___________ model best explains the appearance of psychopathology. a. biopsychosocial b. psychological c. sociocultural d. medical

a. biopsychosocial

Antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

7.

8.

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

9.

Anxiety disorder

a condition in which real or imagined fears are difficult to control

10.

Anxiety disorder four types

Phobia Generalised Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder OCD

11.

Anxiety disorders are characterised by all of these symptoms except: a. inconvenience in living. b. freefloating anxiety. c. a split between affect and cognition. d. panic attacks

c. a split between affect and cognition.

12.

anxious/fearful personality disorders

Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, obsessivecompulsive

13.

Asperger's Syndrome

Behavioral syndrome characterized by varying degrees of difficulty in social and conversational skills but normal-to-aboveaverage intelligence and language development; often accompanied by obsessive preoccupation with particular topics or routines.

14.

Assertiveness training in Behaviour Therapy

a form of social skills training that focuses on teaching clients to express themselves in ways that are clear and direct

15.

autistic spectrum disorder

Engage in repetitive behaviours Impaired relationships

16.

aversion conditioning (therapy)

behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired to elicit an undesirable response - bad with bad

17.

18.

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Behavioural/Cognitive Approach

a type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking People have mental habit of: 1 blaming themselves when things go wrong 2 focusing on and exaggerating the negative side of events 3 jumping to overly generalised, pessimistic conclusions Nature of being: Product of social learning and conditioning and behaves on the basis of past experience Therapist role: Teacher/mentor helps client replace undesirable thoughts and behaviours, active, action orientated Focus: Current behaviour and thoughts; may not need to know original causes to create change Goals:Changes in thinking and behaving in particular situations and better self management Methods: Systemic Desensitisation, social skills training, positive reinforcement, extinction, aversion therapy, punishment and cognitive restructuring

19.

Behavioural Perspective

—combines cognitive (i.e. dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and cognitive processes) with behavioural (i.e. conditioned emotional responses) components the biological perspective— seeks the roots of psychopathology in terms of brain circuitry

20.

Behaviour modification

a systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning. Includes modelling, social skills training, systematic desensitisation, assertiveness training, positive reinforcement and token economy programs

21.

Behaviour Therapy (Behaviour Modification)

Treatments that use classical conditioning principles to change behaviour

22.

Biological factors abnormal

Physical illness Disruptions Bodily process imbalance Genetic influences

23.

biopsychsocial approach

A view of mental disorders caused by a combo interacting with biological, psychological and sociocultural factors

24.

Bipolar Disorders

affective disorders in which a person alternates between the emotional extremes of depression and mania

25.

Bipolar Type 1

Manic episodes with at least one depressive episode.

26.

Bipolar Type II Disorder

recurrent major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes

27.

body dysmorphic disorder

Somatoform disorder where a person is preoccupied with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance

28.

body dysmorphic disorder causes

Related to childhood experiences and requires special care, attention and privileges

29.

CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)

Learning based treatment that helps client change the way they think and behave

30.

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

31.

Classical Psychoanalytic Approach (Treatment of Psych disorders)

Nature of human being - Driven by sexual and aggressive urges Therapists role : Neutral, helps client explore the meaning of free association and other material from the unconscious

38.

cyclothymic disorder

A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder.

39.

Delusions

false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

40.

Depressive Disorders

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

41.

Deviance

Noted as a statistical infrequency Violation of Norms Unusual or rare

42.

Diathesis meaning

Pre-disposition

43.

diathesisstress model

Focus: Emphasis on unresolved conflicts from the past Goals:Psychosexual maturity though insight, strengthening of ego functions Methods Free association, dream analysis and analysis of transference the cognitivebehavioural perspective

—combines cognitive (i.e. dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and cognitive processes) with behavioural (i.e. conditioned emotional responses) components

33.

Cognitive Restructuring (CR)

Replacing thoughts (upsetting) with alternate thinking patterns

34.

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

32.

35.

Contemporary Psychodynamic Approach

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress 44.

diathesisstress model causal factors

-Biological imbalance -Genetically inherited -Brain damage _Enduring psych traits -Socialculturally influenced -Learning exp -Stressful life events

45.

Disathesis predisposition risk factors

Inherited characteristics Biological processes early learning experiences Combine with a predisposition for a psych disorder. Whether develops depends on the nature and amount of stress a person encounters

46.

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Nature of the human being: Drives by the need for human relationships Therapists role Active, develops relationship with client as a model for other relationships Focus:Understanding the past but focussing on the current relationships Goals: Correction of effects of failures of early attachment and development of satisfying intimate relationships Typical methods: Analysis of interpersonal relationships including the client-therapist relationship

36.

conversion disorder (Somatic)

A person displays blindness, deafness or other symptoms without a physical cause

47.

dissociative disorders

rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity

37.

Couples therapy

a type of family therapy that focuses on intimate relationships

48.

Dissociative ID disorder

multiple ID disorder

49.

distress

Personal suffering but not adequate criteria or abnormality

50.

dramatic/erratic personality disorders

Cluster B: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

51.

Dr Salt, a psychoanalyst, is encouraging his client Petra to talk about whatever comes into her mind to report on any thought at all. Dr Salt is using the technique: latent content. free association. hypnosis. transference.

free association.

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

52.

53.

54.

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

DSM Classification System

three sections 1) Contextualises DSM-5 and how to use manual 2)Presents a range of disorders according to the DSM-5 Classification 3) Presents are range of disorders not yet classified but requiring further investigation

55.

During a study session, your friend looks up from his notes to give you a confused look. 'I wrote the word 'reuptake' in my notes but don't remember what it means.' You nod calmly, explaining to your friend that reuptake refers to a process in which:

c) neurotransmitters are transported back into their presynaptic areas.

a) more neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. b) an enzyme at the synapse breaks down neurotransmitters. c) neurotransmitters are transported back into their presynaptic areas. d) neurotransmitters continue to stimulate receptors indefinitely. 56.

Dysfunction

Impaired or abnormal functioning Difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected roles in family, social or work-related May not be caused by a psych disorder

57.

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

58.

Elmer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia by his psychiatrist on the basis of exhibiting positive symptoms. Elmer has not shown any of the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Which one of the following would Elmer not have exhibited? a)Disorganised thoughts b)Delusions c)Social withdrawal d) Hallucinations

c)Social withdrawal

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

59.

Evaluating Drug Therapy

Two types of studies used for evaluating treatments are: efficacy studies— assess treatment outcomes under controlled experimental conditions effectiveness studies— assess treatments as practised by clinicians.

60.

evidencebased practice

the selection of treatment methods based mainly on empirical evidence of their effectiveness

61.

the evolutionary perspective

—suggests psychopathology reflects genetic variation and adaptive mechanisms gone awry.

62.

exposure therapy

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

63.

Externalising Disorders

Broad categorisation of childhood disorders that includes disorders characterised by problems of under-control, where behaviours are directed at others (such as conduct disorder).

64.

Extinction in Behaviour Therapy

The gradual disappearance of conditioned response or operant behaviour through nonreinforcement

65.

Family therapy

group therapy with family members

66.

Flooding

An exposure technique for reducing anxiety that involves keeping a person in a feared, but harmless, situation.

67.

Fugae Reaction

Sudden loss of memory and possible assumption of a new identity at a new location

68.

Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive long-lasting anxiety not focused on an object or situation

69.

Gesalt therapy

An active treatment designed to help clients get in touch with genuine feelings and disown foreign ones

70.

Group Therapy

psychotherapy in which clients receive psychological treatment together with others

71.

Group therapy is often helpful to a client because:

c) other group members serve as sources of social support for one another.

a) it reduces the therapist's case load. b)addresses alliances that prevent healthy communication. c) other group members serve as sources of social support for one another. d) it allows family conflicts to surface and be addressed. 72.

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences

73.

Hope is a little girl who seems worried all the time. She is worried that she could be kidnapped, is upset when her parents leave and cries easily. Hope probably has a(n) ___________ childhood disorder. a) internalising b) externalising c) autistic d) personality

a) internalising

74.

Humanistic approach

Suggest that behaviour disorders appears when a person's natural tendancy towards healthy growth is blocked usually by failure to be aware of and to express their feelings

75.

humanistic Approach (Psych disorders)

Nature of the human being: Has free will/choice and capacity for self actualisation

80.

Therapist: Facilitates client growth, some therapists active some directive Focus: Here and now focus on the immediate experience Goals: Expanded awareness, fulfilment of potential and self acceptance

81.

Methods: Reflection orientated interviews designed to convey unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence,exercises to promote self-awareness 76.

Hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

77.

Hypomania

a mental state just below mania

78.

Internalising disorders

Domain of childhood disorders charcterised by inward-directed behaviours. eg Separation Anxiety

79.

Ivan has been worried for months, but he really cannot pinpoint the source of his concerns. He is also jumpy and irritable and has difficulty sleeping. Ivan is probably experiencing: a) a phobia. b) somatoform pain disorder. c) generalised anxiety disorder. d) panic disorder.

c) generalised anxiety disorder.

Kristine and Nicole are seeing therapists for their psychological problems. Kristine constantly thinks that she is stupid and worthless and sometimes she has thoughts of killing herself. Nicole cleans her house so much that she doesn't have time to do anything else; she realises that her house is already clean, but she can't stop herself. Their therapists are most likely treating Kristine for her ___________ and treating Nicole for her ___________. a. obsessions; obsessions b. compulsions; obsessions c. compulsions; compulsions d obsessions; compulsions

d obsessions; compulsions

Luke's doctor has prescribed a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) for Luke's disorder. Luke has most likely been diagnosed with ___________ and the drug will increase the effects of ___________ to improve his condition.

depression; serotonin and norepinephrine

Compulsions are repetitive

generalised anxiety disorder; GABA Parkinson's disease; dopamine major depression; serotonin and norepinephrine Alzheimer's disease; acetylcholine 82.

Major Depression

severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause can be one period or several periods Exaggerated feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness or guilt

83.

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

84.

medical model (neurobiological model)

A view in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes

85.

mental health

the state of being comfortable with yourself, with others, and with your surroundings

86.

mental health disorder

a disturbance in the ability to cope with or adjust to stress; behavior and function are impaired; mental illness, psychiatric disorder

87.

Modelling in Behaviour Therapy

Demonstrating desirable behaviours for others to copy

Modifying behaviour techniques

Systemic Desensitisation therapy, CBT, ehaviour Therapy (Behaviour Modification), Gesalt Therapy

89.

Name the two types of Affective Disorders

Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorders

90.

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies, lack of emotional reactivity, reduced speech)

91.

Neuroleptic drugs

Medications that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia

92.

Obsessions vs compulsions

obsessions = persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses (increase stress) compulsions = repetitive tasks (decrease stress)

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

94.

95.

88.

93.

96.

97.

persistant depressive disorder

An affective disorder Mild depression Lasts for two years Not severe enough to be diagnos...