CH. 2 Population and Health PDF

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Chapter 2: Population and Health AP Human Geography Test Review

I.

Key Issue 1: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? A. What is a census? What function does it serve? A census aims to count the entire population of a country, and at the location where each person usually lives. B. Population Concentrations 1. What is a population cartogram? A representation of a region that displays the size of an object to relation to an attribute rather than land area. 2. Clusters a. What are the 4 major population clusters? Approximately 2/3 of the world’s population is clustered into four regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe. b. Name and discuss other clusters. Other clusters are the North American cluster. 3. Name and define the 4 Sparsely Populated Regions The four sparsely populated regions are: 1- Dry Lands: Since the area is dry for farming not many people want to live there. 2- Cold Lands: Areas that are covered with ice or have permanently frozen ground. 3- Wet Lands: Lands that receive high levels of precipitation. 4- High Lands: Lands where the elevation is high. 4. Define ecumene The permanently inhabited portion of the earth as distinguished from the uninhabited or temporarily inhabited area. a. How has it changed through time? Over time, ecumene has increased slightly. This has been caused by a number of factors, but the most significant is overpopulation.

C. Population Density 1. Define and explain Arithmetic Density The total number of people divided by the total land area. 2. Define and explain Physiological Density The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

3. Define and explain Agricultural Density The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. 4. How do they relate to each other? How do they differ? All of the densities relation to each other because they are ways to describe the distribution of people in a country or location. They differ because they measure the density of people using different processes and land types. II.

Key Issue 2: Why is Global Population Increasing? A. What is CBR? CBR stands for Crude Birth Rate. It is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. B. What is CDR? CDR stands for crude death rate. It is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society. C. What is NIR? What is the mathematical formula? NIR stands for natural increase rate. It is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. It is calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate of a given region. 1. What is Doubling Time? The number of years needed to double a population. D. What is TFR? How is it calculated? TFR stands for total fertility rate and it measures the number of births in a society. E. How do the aforementioned relate to both developed and developing countries? How do they contrast? They all relate to developed countries because the total fertility rate in developed countries usually tends to be higher. However, in developing countries, the total fertility rate is lower and this affects NIR, CDR, and CBR.

F. Population Structure 1. What is a population pyramid? How do they vary from place to place? Why?

Population pyramids are important graphs for visualizing how populations are composed when looking a groups divided by age and sex. 2. What is the Dependency Ratio?

The dependency ratio refers to the percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population.

3. What is Sex Ratio?

The number of males per hundred females in the population is the sex ratio. Key Issue 3: Why Does Population Growth Vary among Regions? A.

Define and explain what the Demographic Transition Model is

The demographic transition is a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population. The process consists of four stages, and every country is one of them. 1.

Explain Stage 1: Low Growth

Very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase. 2.

Explain Stage 2: High Growth

Rapid declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increases. a.

How was it affected by the Industrial Revolution?

The industrial revolution resulted in an unprecedented level of wealth, some of which was used to make communities healthier places to live.

b.

The Medical Revolution?

The medical revolution pushed developing countries into stage 3. Improved medical practices eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in developing countries and enabled more people to experience longer and healthier lives. 3.

Explain Stage 3: Decreasing Growth

Birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to accelerate. 4.

Explain Stage 4: Low Growth

Very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease. a.

What is ZPG?

Zero population growth is a term often applied to stage four countries which describes a condition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero. 5.

Explain the Possible Stage 5: Decline

A possible stage characterized by a very low CBR, an increasing CDR, and therefore a negative NIR. 6. How does public policy affect the stages? (including causes of Possible Stage 5) Public policy is a very important factor of the stages. It will either encourage or discourage procreation for birth rates. Public policy is crucial for the classification of the stages the countries fall in. 7.

Declining Birth Rates a.

How are birth rates decreased by means of education?

If education is put into place for women, then the age at which these women will have children will increase. This then lowers the CBR because babies are not being born of a high TBR. b.

How are birth rates decreased by means of health care?

Since health care provides valuable information and proper education of STD, the birth rate will decrease as a result. c.

How are birth rates decreased by means of contraception?

Contraception completely stops babies from being born, decreasing the number of births even though the population may engage in intercourse more frequently than before.

d.

How do they contrast?

Decreased birth rates by contraception and means of health care contrast one another because each have different purposes and outcomes. Advanced health care does not physically nor anatomically stop the birth rate, while contraceptives do. e. How might these differ in developed and developing countries? Why? They might differ because in developed countries contraceptives and effective education can be more present and accessible to the public, while developing countries may not have that access nor the resources to provide these means. Yet it must be emphasized that this is circumstantial for each nation and must be also accounted for their cultures/traditions.

8.

Malthus on Overpopulation a.

Who was Thomas Malthus?

Thomas Malthus was an English economist that presented the Malthusian theory about population. b.

What is Malthusian Theory?

It states that the population is growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically. c.

How has it been criticized?

This theory has been criticized because Malthus only recognized and applied this theory on his country relative to the global scale. Therefore, he only thought about England and not the other countries. This then loses reliability and accuracy.

d.

What is reality? How is Neo-Malthusianism not sustained?

The reality is that food production is far outran then the global population which is contrary to what the Malthusian theory states. In reality, we produce more food than necessary but what arises problems is the distribution of the resources. That is why we see that some countries have far less food than others. This theory was not sustained because Malthus did not realize that developing countries could catch up and reach the same level globally as other countries.

I.

Key Issue 4: Why Do Some Regions Face Health Threats? A. What is Epidemiologic Transition? What does it apply to? A epidemiologic transition focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition. It relies heavily on geographic concepts such as scale and connection because measures to control and prevent an epidemic derive from understanding its distinctive distribution and method of diffusion. 1. Explain Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine In the stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition, epidemics and pandemics were the principal cause of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans. 2. Explain Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

In stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition is the stage of receding pandemics because improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution reduced the spread of infectious diseases. a. What is a pandemic? A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time. 3. Explain Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases Stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging. 4. Explain Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases Stage 4 is the stage of delayed degenerative diseases. The major degenerative causes of death- cardiovascular diseases and cancers – linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances. 5. -

In the Possible Stage 5 in the Epidemiologic Transition: Very low CBR Increasing CDR Declining NIR a. How can Evolution affect it? Infectious disease microbes have continuously evolved and changed in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides. b. How can Poverty affect it? Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas than other places because unsanitary conditions may persist, and most people can’t afford the drugs needed for treatment. c. How can Increased Connections affect it? As people travel, people carry diseases with them and are exposed to the diseases of others.

B. Health Care 1. Define IMR The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society. 2. Define Life Expectancy The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth ids

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. 3. How does Provision of Health Care vary from country to country? Why? Each country has a different way of providing health care. For example, in developed countries like Northern Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden provide the highest level of public- assistance. The developed countries use part of their wealth to protect people, who, for various reasons, are unable to work. In developing countries 17 percent of children are not immunized against measles, compared to 7 percent in developed countries. Not all countries have the methods and technology to provide a good health care. 4. How do Medical Services vary around the globe? Countries possess different resources to care for people who are sick. The high expenditure on health care in developed countries is reflected in medical facilities.

5. How is the US different from most developed countries? The US is a developed country where private individuals are required to pay an average of 55 percent of healthcare, more closely resembling the pattern in developing countries. 6. Why is healthcare a problem in developing countries? Private individuals must pay more than half of the cost of health care. 7. Why is healthcare becoming a problem in developed countries? Developed countries are hard-pressed to maintain their current levels of public assistance. In recent years, economic growth has slowed, while the percentage of people needing public assistance has increased....