Ch 9 Anatomy - Lecture notes ch 9 PDF

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9A where two or more bones meet Joints (Articulations) Joints (Articulations): determine and protect what? -Determine the level of mobility that exists between bones -Protect muscles and encased organs (i.e. brain) by limiting movement beyond a certain degree Synovial joint is surrounded by a Joint Capsule (Articular Capsule) Joint Capsule Outer: Fibrous Capsule - dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with periosteum Joint Capsule Inner: Synovial Membrane - covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage loose connective tissue Synovial Joints have more _________ less _________ flexibility; stability Synovial Joints: What covers the opposing bone surfaces which form the joint?Protect Bone from "crushing compression" Articular Cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage) All synovial joints are functional classification of Diarthrosis Synovial membrane produces ________ and is highly __________ synovial fluid; vascular Joint cavity of all synovial joined is filled with Synovial Fluid Synovial fluid is composed of -Hyaluronic Acid and Albumin to make it slippery -Also contains Macrophages to eliminate debris Synovial fluid functions -Lubricates surfaces of articulating bones -Nourishes articular cartilage and removes wastes -Shock Absorption - distributes stress evenly when joint is compressed, synovial fluid leaks from capillaries and articular cartilages Weeping Lubrication: -It is white and viscous, but becomes clear and more fluid when the joint is moved -As pressure is relieved, fluid is soaked back up -Caused by movement imflammation

swelling caused by increased fluid normal production of lubrication Weeping Lubrication abnormal production of lubrication inflammation (bc immune system is causing it to do it) types of synovial joints plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket (slide 11-12) 3 ways range of motion is determined: -Structure of articular surfaces of the bones -Location and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules -Location and strength of the muscles and tendons axes of rotation (aka degrees of freedom) nonaxial; uniaxial; biaxial; multiaxial nonaxial no axis around which movement can occur - slipping movements only uniaxial (Monaxial) - movement in one plane biaxial multiaxial movement in or around all 3 planes plane joint nonaxial hinge joint uniaxial pivot joint uniaxial condylar joint biaxial saddle joint biaxial ball-and-socket joint multiaxial Types of movements gliding, rotation, angular movement, special movement gliding movement one flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another rotation turning of a bone around its own long axis (medial OR lateral) angular movement

increase or decrease the angle between two bones types of angular movement flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction flexion movement that decreases the angle of a joint and brings two bones closer together extension reverse of flexion; increases the angle of two articulating joints and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part hyperextension extension which results in movement of the limb or body part beyond the plane of anatomical position abduction movement of a limb away from the midline of the body adduction movement of a limb toward the midline of the body circumduction movement of a limb so that it describes a cone in space special movements: some movements only occur at a few joints supination rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces superiorly pronation rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces inferiorly dorsiflexion lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin plantarflexion depression of the foot by pointing the toes toward the ground inversion turning the foot so that the sole faces medially eversion turning the foot so that the sole of the foot faces laterally protraction anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane retraction posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane elevation lifting a body part superiorly depression moving the elevated part inferiorly

opposition movement of the thumb to touch all the opposing fingertips synovial joints: additional structures blood vessels, nerves, reinforcing ligaments, tendons, fibrocartilage discs, bursae, tendon sheaths blood vessels -Capillary beds of synovial membranes are responsible for synovial fluid production -Ligaments and Cartilage are poorly vascularized, so heal slowly when damaged nerves -Sensory nerves determine joint position and pain -Motor nerves induce reflexes to change joint position reinforcing ligaments -Composed of Dense Regular Connective Tissue -Reinforce and Strengthen joint -Ligaments can stretch up to 6% of their length before they snap tendons -Composed of Dense Regular Connective Tissue -Attach Muscles to bones -Stabilize joints as muscles tighten fibrocartilage discs improve fit between articulating bone ends and minimize wear and tear bursae are fibrous sacs containing synovial fluid to reduce friction between tendons, ligaments and bones-- synovial pillows that exists outside of the joint tendon sheaths are modified bursae which wrap around tendons to reduce friction; Usually found where tendons run across bones 9B the shoulder joint is also called the glenohumeral or humeroscapular joint structural classification of shoulder joint synovial ball and socket shoulder joint is the most _______ moving joint of body freely shoulder joint: _________ reinforcements are anterior and inferior - dislocations often occur when arm is pulled forward and downward weakest

-Rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity since the articular surface is very shallow -Also functions as an attachment site for the glenohumeral ligaments and the tendon of the Biceps Brachii Muscle glenoid labrum five principal ligaments that support the glenohumeral joint -three glenohumeral ligaments -coracohumeral ligament -transverse humeral ligament three glenohumeral ligaments relatively weak and sometimes absent coracohumeral ligament reinforces the anterior compartment of the capsule and helps support the weight of the limb transverse humeral ligament extends from greater to the lesser tubercle of the humerus; houses the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle four _______ in the shoulder reduce friction bursae four bursae Subdeltoid, Subacromial, Subcoracoid, Subscapular the inflammation of any of the 4 bursae bursitis ___________ provide the majority of stability for the glenohumeral joint Muscles and muscle tendons Tendon of the long head of the ____________ muscle secures head of humerus against glenoid cavity ("Superstabilizer") biceps brachii ____________ muscle tendons encircle shoulder joint and blend with articular capsule "rotator cuff" rotator cuff formed by 4 tendons of: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles (S.I.T.S.) coxal (hip) joint structural classification synovial ball and socket -Deep fit for head of femur - very stable acetabulum acetabulum is lined with articular cartilage the fibrocartilage pad that contributes to stability

acetabular labrum the hip joint is more _________ than the shoulder joint stable bc more weight on it acetabulum is a fat pad for __________ shock absorption Fractures to the _____________ are more common than hip dislocations femoral neck 3 extracapsular ligaments reinforce the capsule and stabilize the hip when it is extended: -Iliofemoral ligament (anterior) -Pubofemoral ligament (anterior) -Ischiofemoral ligament (posterior) the intracapsular ligament of the coxal joint Ligamentum Teres (Round Ligament) ligamentum teres facts -Runs from fovea capitis to lower lip of acetabulum -Not very significant for stability but it contains a major artery for the femur -Tenses only when the hip is flexed and undergoing lateral rotation coxal joint is stabilized by large collection of ___________: anteriorposteriormedialmuscles iliopsoas muscle group gluteus muscle group adductor muscle group 2 Major Bursae of the coxal joint: Trochanteric Bursae Iliopsoas Bursae Arthroplasty total replacement of a joint (hip replacement) the largest and most complex joint in the body knee joint the knee joint has the largest ______________ of any joint in the lower limb range of motion the knee joint lacks the __________________ which surrounds the coxal joint stabilizing muscle mass the two joints of the knee joint femoropatellar-1 and tibiofemoral-2

what is the structural classification of the femoropatellar joint synovial plane joint what makes up the femoropatellar joint patella and distal femur Patella a sesamoid bone that develops in the quadriceps femoris tendon where does the patella insert on the anterior tibia via the patellar ligament Patella glides across femur surface during knee flexion the bursae of named for the patella Suprapatellar Bursa, Prepatellar Bursa, Infrapatellar Bursae (2) tibiofemoral joints (2) Lateral and medial joints between the femoral condyles and menisci Synovial Hinge Joint allows for ___________ Flexion/extension Some rotation is permitted when knee slightly flexed or while extending; no rotation or lateral movement when knee ____________ is fully extended Articular Surface between femur and tibia is _____________ relatively shallow the joint capsule between the femur and tibia only encloses the _______________ lateral and posterior aspects ___________________ deepen the articular surface and provide shock absorption. Made of fibrocartilage. Lateral and medial menisci (fibrocartilage) __________ are often torn because they are only attached to the _____________ borders. menisci; lateral the tibiofemoral extracapsular ligaments: -Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments -Oblique Popliteal Ligament -Arcuate Popliteal Ligament Fibular and Tibial Collateral Ligaments prevent lateral or medial rotation or flexion when knee is extended Oblique Popliteal Ligament and the Arcuate Popliteal Ligament stabilizes and reinforce the posterior aspect of knee joint tibiofemoral intracapsular ligaments Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Posterior Cruciate Ligament Anterior Cruciate Ligament (cruci = cross) prevents forward sliding of tibia and hyperextension of knee when the knee is extended Posterior Cruciate Ligament prevents backward displacement of tibia or forward sliding of femur tibiofemoral muscle attachments quadriceps femoris tendon patellar ligament semimembranosus tendon quadriceps femoris tendon stabilization anteriorly extension of quadriceps femoris tendon patellar ligament what stabilizes the tibiofemoral joint posteriorly the semimembranous tendon how many bursae are associated with the knee joint? 13 what joints are the most injured in sports knee joints knee joints are vulnerable to _________ impact horizontal the three C's of the knee joints collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, cartilages (menisci) ___________ blows tear collateral ligament, medial meniscus and the anterior cruciate ligament lateral _____________ injuries are becoming more common - most often when a runner changes direction quickly, twisting and hyperextending knee ACL joint pathology slide 35*******...