CH1. Anatomy 210Bryan Mabini PDF

Preview

Summary

Ch1 anatomy notes...

Description

Anatomy 210

Ch1. Intro to Anatomy 02/04/21



Lecture Notes / Bryan Mabini /

ANATOMY VS PHYSIOLOGY ●

Anatomy: Study of internal and external structures, relationship between parts of the body

●

Physiology: The Study of how the body functions and mechanisms in the body.

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY ●

Microscopic Anatomy is the study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Subdivided into two specialties. ○

Cytology - analyzes the internal structure and function of plant and animal cells.

○

Histology - the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. ■

Four basic tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and neural tissue (refer to CH 3)

■

An organ is a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function. (heart, kidneys, and lungs)

 *Relationship between Microscopic Anatomy to Gross(Macroscopic) Anatomy.*

GROSS ANATOMY(MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY) ●

Study of structures that can be seen without magnification.

○

Surface Anatomy - study of general anatomical form; can study anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection.(such as outside the human body)

○

Regional Anatomy - studies the layering structure of anatomical regions, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

○

Systemic Anatomy - is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. ■

Organ system - group of organs that function together to produce coordinated effects. 11 organ systems in the body ●

Ex. heart blood and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system.

 OTHER TYPES OF ANATOMICAL STUDIES ●

Developmental Anatomy -

is the study of the progress of cells into

complex living organisms

●

○

Involves both microscopic and gross anatomy

○

Embryology studies the early stages of a cell development.

Comparative Anatomy -

Study of similarities and differences in the

anatomy of different species. ○

Humans, chicken, and salmon are all called vertebrates, mainly they share common anatomical gestures most groups of animals don't have.

○ ●

Involves gross, microscopic, and developmental anatomy.

Clinical Anatomy - Studies anatomical changes that occur during pathological illnesses

●

Surgical Anatomy - Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures.

●

Radiographic anatomy - utilizes x-rays, ultrasound scans or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body to visualize and study anatomical structures

●

Cross sectional anatomy - has emerged due to advances in radiographic anatomy, such as computerized tomography(CT) and spiral CT scans.

Question: How does surgical anatomy differ from clinical anatomy? Answer:

surgical focuses on structure and of the tissues and organs of the

body as they relate to surgery. While clinical focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness. Question: Cross-sectional anatomy is a subspecialty of which anatomical specialty? Answer: cross-sectional anatomy is a subspecialty of gross anatomy.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGAN SYSTEMS ●

Responsiveness - ability of an organism to respond to changes in its immediate environment.

●

Growth and Differentiation - cells and organisms produce changes in form and function.

●

Reproduction - organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of their own kind, whether unicellular or multicellular

●

Movement - Organisms produce movement, which may be internal or external

●

Metabolism and Excretion - the chemical processes that go on continuously inside your body to keep you alive and your organs functioning normally. While excretion is how waste exit your body ○

Anabolism - the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

○

Catabolism - the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; d  estructive metabolism.

○

Absorption - the process of moving nutrients from the intestines into the bloodstream

○

Respiration -

the process that gets oxygen from the air to the

tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body. ○

Excretion - is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism

 

The Language of Anatomy  ●

To communicate and give precise info, latin and green words are the basis of numerous anatomical terms.

●

Superficial anatomy - referring to superficial anatomical structures; the study of the body surface in relation to its deeper parts

●

Anatomical Landmarks -

●

Anatomical Regions - e ○

biologically-meaningful point in an organism.

Abdominopelvic quadrants (4 sections of abdomen)

Anatomical Directional Terms 1. Distal - further from torso 2. Proximal - closer to torso  3. Lateral - away from midline 4. Medial - closer to midline  5. Anterior - frontal side(aka ventral) 6. Posterior - back side (aka dorsal)  7. Superficial - closer to surface( 8. Deep(visceral) - further from surface  9. Plantar - Bottom of the foot 10.Dorsal - Top of foot PLANES AND SECTIONS 4 types of planes of the body ●

●

Sagittal Plane ○

Midsagittal

○

parasagittal

Transverse plane

●

Frontal plane

●

Oblique plane -

a plane that can literally be any type of angle

other than a horizontal or vertical angle.

BODY CAVITIES  ●

The Cranial cavity

●

The Vertebral cavity

●

The Thoracic cavity

●

○

pericardial cavity

○

pleural cavity

the Abdominopelvic Cavity ○

Peritoneal cavity

○

Abdominal cavity

○

pelvic cavity.

 ●

Peritoneal cavity is lined by membrane called the peritoneum ○

           

Lines the body wall

    ...