Chapter 08 - Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration PDF

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Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration...

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Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology, 9e (Audesirk) Chapter 8 Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration 8.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form: A) six molecules of carbon dioxide. B) two molecules of NADH. C) two molecules of pyruvate. D) two molecules of citric acid. E) two molecules of fructose. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called: A) fermentation. B) cellular respiration. C) phosphorylation. D) chemiosmosis. E) the Krebs cycle. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, then pyruvate: A) immediately enters the Krebs cycle. B) is converted by fermentation to CO2 and ethanol or to lactate. C) is converted back to fructose until the concentration of oxygen increases. D) leaves the fluid portion of the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix. E) is converted to NADH. Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is: A) a short-term energy-storage compound. B) the cell's principal compound for energy transfers. C) synthesized only within mitochondria. D) the molecule that all living cells rely on to do work. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) Which of the following statements is TRUE of glycolysis when followed by fermentation? A) It produces a net gain of ATP. B) It produces a net gain of NADPH. C) It is an aerobic process. D) It can be performed only by bacteria. E) It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Application/Analysis 6) The main function of cellular respiration is to produce: A) CO2. B) glucose. C) ATP. D) NADH and FADH2. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) In cells, ________ of the chemical energy in a metabolized glucose molecule is used for ATP production and the rest is released as heat. A) less than 1% B) 25% C) 40% D) more than 90% Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) If no oxygen is available to a cell, then the net ATP production resulting from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is: A) no ATP. B) one ATP molecule. C) two ATP molecules. D) 34 or 36 ATP molecules. E) 34 or 38 ATP molecules. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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9) Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism? A) Krebs cycle B) electron transport C) chemiosmosis D) acetyl CoA formation E) glycolysis Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Where does the synthesis of pyruvate occur during glycolysis? A) inner membrane B) ribosomes C) mitochondrial matrix D) intermembrane compartment E) fluid portion of the cytoplasm Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule? A) two B) four C) 34 D) 36 E) 38 Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis? A) pyruvate B) G3P C) acetyl CoA D) fructose E) NADPH Answer: B Diff: 3 Section: 8.2 Skill: Application/Analysis

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13) Which kind of metabolic poison would interfere with glycolysis? A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not capable of being metabolized D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ E) an agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl coenzyme A Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 14) The end product of glycolysis is: A) two pyruvate molecules. B) two citric acid molecules. C) one G3P molecule. D) one lactate molecule. E) two NAD+ molecules. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) During glycolysis, two ATP molecules are "spent" in order to convert glucose to the highly reactive molecule: A) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. B) FADH2. C) NADH. D) fructose bisphosphate. E) pyruvate. Answer: D Diff: 1 Section: 8.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) In the first reaction of glycolysis, glucose receives a phosphate group from ATP. This reaction is: A) respiration. B) fermentation. C) exergonic. D) endergonic. Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.2 Skill: Application/Analysis

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17) For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they shift from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must: A) increase the rate of the Krebs cycle. B) produce more ATP per molecule of glucose during glycolysis. C) produce ATP using NADH. D) increase the rate of the electron transport chain. E) increase the rate of glycolysis-based reactions. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.2 Skill: Application/Analysis 18) During glycolysis, "glucose activation" refers to the: A) net gain of four ATP molecules. B) net gain of two ATP molecules. C) use of two ATP molecules to make one fructose bisphosphate molecule. D) splitting of fructose bisphosphate into two G3P molecules. E) conversion of two G3P molecules to two pyruvate molecules. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) The products of glycolysis are: A) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. B) ATP, NADH, pyruvate, and FADH2. C) ATP, NADH, and acetyl CoA. D) ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2. E) ATP and pyruvate only. Answer: A Diff: 3 Section: 8.2 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) During cellular respiration, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis is: A) transported out of the mitochondria. B) broken down to O2 and hydrogen. C) the source of electrons for NADH and FADH2. D) converted to lactate or ethanol. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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21) During which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen used? A) glycolysis B) fermentation C) Krebs cycle D) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA E) electron transport system Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) We breathe more heavily during exercise because our cells: A) need more ADP. B) are producing more CO2. C) need more glucose. Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 23) Some of the CO2 that is exhaled during breathing is created during: A) glycolysis. B) the conversion of NADH to NAD+ in the Krebs cycle. C) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. D) chemiosmosis. E) fermentation. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) The metabolic breakdown of one molecule of glucose generates the greatest amount of energy during: A) glycolysis. B) the Krebs cycle. C) mitochondrial matrix reactions. D) fermentation. E) electron transport. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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25) How many CO2 molecules are generated from each pyruvate that enters the mitochondria? A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) In order to be able to continue, each turn of the Krebs cycle must regenerate: A) acetyl CoA. B) NADH and FADH2. C) citrate. D) pyruvate. E) ATP. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) Which of the following is an example of an electron-carrier molecule? A) citric acid B) CO2 C) acetyl CoA D) NADH E) ATP Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) The electron transport chain receives electrons directly from: A) NADH only. B) FADH2 only. C) ATP only. D) NADH and FADH2. E) NADH and ATP. Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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29) In the mitochondrial matrix reactions, the original carbons in pyruvate: A) form the backbone chain of citric acid. B) form the ring structure of oxaloacetic acid. C) are incorporated into molecules of NADH and FADH2. D) end up in molecules of CO2. E) form glucose. Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Chemiosmosis in mitochondria directly results in the synthesis of: A) NADH. B) FADH2. C) H2O. D) acetyl CoA. E) ATP. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration? A) ATP B) NADH C) carbon dioxide D) oxygen E) FADH2 Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) In the mitochondrial matrix, oxygen combines with ________ to form ________. A) electrons only; water B) hydrogen ions only; water C) electrons and hydrogen ions; water D) carbon only; CO2 E) electrons and carbon; CO2 Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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33) From the beginning of glycolysis to the end of the Krebs cycle, what has the cell gained from the breakdown of each molecule of glucose? A) two molecules of pyruvate B) four molecules of ATP, 10 of NADH, and two of FADH2 C) two molecules of ATP and six of NADH D) two molecules of ATP, four of NADH, and two of FADH2 E) two molecules of ATP, lactate, and NAD+ Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen: A) combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water. B) combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide. C) combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose. D) reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water. E) combines with electrons to form CO2. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) The step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is: A) chemiosmosis. B) the citric acid cycle. C) glycolysis. D) lactate fermentation. E) alcohol fermentation. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) Which parts of the mitochondria are directly involved in the synthesis of ATP during chemiosmosis? A) matrix only B) inner membrane only C) outer membrane only D) matrix and inner membrane E) inner and outer membranes Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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37) If ATP is made in the mitochondria, how does it provide energy for reactions in the cytoplasm of the cell? A) ATP is pumped out from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. B) ATP diffuses out of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. C) ATP is used to make glucose, which is transported to the cytoplasm. D) The energy in ATP is converted to NADH, which travels to the cytoplasm. E) ATP is converted to ADP, which is transported to the cytoplasm and converted back to ATP. Answer: B Diff: 3 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) Which of the following most closely matches the correct order of the main events of cellular respiration? A) glycolysis, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, major ATP production, ETC B) glycolysis, major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, ETC, Krebs cycle C) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production D) Krebs cycle, ETC, major ATP production, glycolysis E) major ATP production, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, Krebs cycle, ETC Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Application/Analysis 39) The products of the Krebs cycle include: A) ATP only. B) carbon dioxide only. C) energy carriers only. D) carbon dioxide and energy carriers only. E) ATP, carbon dioxide, and energy carriers. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) The part of a mitochondrion that structurally compares to the stroma of a chloroplast is the: A) grana. B) matrix. C) thylakoids. D) inner membrane. E) outer membrane. Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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41) The inner membrane of the mitochondria can be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast because both contain a system for: A) enzyme synthesis. B) pyruvate production. C) glucose synthesis. D) anaerobic respiration. E) electron transport. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) Which step produces the most ATP? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which of the following processes occurs in a membrane? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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45) Which of the following processes involves ATP-synthesizing enzymes that are associated with hydrogen ion channels? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) The term "chemiosmosis" is associated with which process? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain D) fermentation Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) During which of the following processes is CO2 produced? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Which of the following processes involves citric acid? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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49) When oxygen is present: A) most animal cells utilize aerobic cellular respiration. B) most animal cells carry on fermentation and produce lactate. C) most bacteria and yeasts carry on fermentation. D) two ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule. E) most animals convert CO2 to glucose. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) In yeast, if the electron transport system is shut down because of a lack of oxygen, glycolysis will probably: A) shut down. B) increase. C) produce more ATP per molecule of glucose. D) produce more NADH per molecule of glucose. E) produce more acetyl coenzyme A. Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) As a bicyclist pedals up a hill to the finish line of a race and "feels the burn" in his leg muscles, those muscle cells are most likely utilizing: A) only cellular respiration for maximum ATP production. B) only oxygen for maximum ATP production. C) some lactate fermentation. D) both cellular respiration and oxygen for maximum ATP production. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 52) Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration? A) Krebs cycle B) reduction of pyruvate to lactate C) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D) glycolysis E) electron transport Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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53) The insecticide rotenone inhibits one of the steps of the electron transport system in mitochondria. What is a likely immediate result? A) The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria will increase. B) The cells will utilize oxygen more rapidly. C) The rate of the Krebs cycle reactions will increase. D) Electron transport will increase. E) The rate of fermentation will increase. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 54) During which of the following processes is ATP NOT produced? A) glycolysis by itself B) cellular respiration by itself C) fermentation by itself Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 55) Which of the following processes requires oxygen? A) glycolysis B) the Krebs cycle C) the electron transport chain D) fermentation Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) Within a cell undergoing anaerobic metabolism of glucose, fermentation occurs in the: A) phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. B) stroma of the chloroplast. C) mitochondrial matrix. D) fluid portion of the cytoplasm. E) nucleus. Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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57) During the fermentation of one molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is: A) one molecule. B) two molecules. C) three molecules. D) six molecules. E) eight molecules. Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) After fermentation, lactate is converted to pyruvate in the: A) bloodstream. B) liver. C) muscles. D) heart. E) lungs. Answer: B Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 59) What is the significance of the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during fermentation? A) Pyruvate becomes available to enter mitochondrial matrix reactions. B) The citric acid cycle is initiated. C) NAD+ is regenerated for use in glycolysis. D) The oxidation of pyruvate becomes possible. E) ATP is produced. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) In the absence of oxygen, suppose a single yeast cell undergoes fermentation and uses 100 molecules of glucose. How many molecules of ATP will be generated? A) 36 B) 100 C) 200 D) 300 E) 400 Answer: C Diff: 3 Section: 8.4 Skill: Application/Analysis

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61) In vertebrate animal cells, where does the synthesis of lactate occur? A) fluid portion of the cytoplasm B) surface of ribosomes C) mitochondrial matrix D) mitochondrial inner membranes E) nucleus Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) How does one account for the bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne? A) Bubbles of CO2, produced by aerobic respiration in yeast cells, were trapped in the beverage at bottling. B) Lactate fermentation accounts for the bubbles. C) Bubbles of CO2 were produced by yeast during anaerobic metabolism and were trapped in the bottle. D) The bubbles are simply air bubbles resulting from the brewing process. E) Bubbles of CO2 were formed by the yeast cells during glycolysis. Answer: C Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 63) How do fatigued human muscle cells repay an "oxygen debt"? A) The cells produce more oxygen. B) The cells convert glucose to pyruvate. C) The cells increase production of ATP. D) The cells decrease CO2 production. E) The cells convert lactate back to pyruvate. Answer: E Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Application/Analysis 64) In human muscle cells, fermentation (by itself) produces: A) lactate. B) adenosine triphosphate. C) pyruvate. D) water. Answer: A Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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65) Products of the fermentation process include all of the following EXCEPT: A) carbon dioxide. B) ethanol. C) lactate. D) pyruvate. Answer: D Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8.2 True/False Questions 1) Chemiosmosis links a hydrogen ion gradient to the production of ATP. True or False? Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle reactions occur in the mitochondria. True or False? Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Carbon dioxide is considered a waste product of cellular respiration. True or False? Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Section: 8.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The process of fermentation is energetically more efficient than cellular respiration. True or False? Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Section: 8.4 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 8.3 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1) In the cell, more than half of the energy produced by the metabolic breakdown of glucose is released as ________ and the remaining energy is stored in ________. Answer: heat; ATP Diff: 2 Section: 8.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

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