Chapter 1 Notes PDF

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Covers chapter 1 notes microbiology general categories...

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MICROBIOLOGY 130 - CHAPTER 1 WORKSHEET 1. What are your college or degree pathway/plans? I plan on pursuing a career as an RN by attending the ADN program at KCC and furthering my degree with a BSN at UH Manoa. 2. What is the instructor’s role for this course? The role of the instructor is to give students the opportunity to fulfill their knowledge pathways with the fundamentals of microbiology with an emphasis on the biology of microorganisms and a study of how microbes affect people, property and the environment. 3. Of the 4 exams, which is open notes and how do you prepare for it? Exam #3 is open notes and it is recommended that we prepare by creating our own personal outlines that we are able to use since it will discuss microbes and diseases that are not covered in the lecture. The schedule provides a reading regimen to help pace us when making outlines for these chapters which are 21-26. 4. When are the chapter worksheets due? When are the chapter outlines due? -Completed chapter worksheets and chapter outlines should be turned in at time of corresponding exam. 5. What are the options for building extra credit for the course? -12 extra credit points are available if you hand in outlines 21-26. -You can submit a report summarizing a recent scientific journal article to receive a max of 3 points -Watch documentary films and write a detailed reflective paper on your experience in order to gain 3 points

6. Are you composed of more human cells or microbial cells? -Microbial 7. What is microbiology? -Greek Mikros - “Extremely small, slight” - “Science of living things” 8. Given the major groups of microbes, write a few sentences to summarizing them. Eubacteria

Archaea (bacteria) -Archaea consists of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan. -This bacteria is often found in extreme environments. -They are divided into 3 main groups: methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.

Algae -Phorosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual forms -Usually unicellular -Cell walls of many algae are composed of a carbohydrate called cellulose -Lives abundantly in freshwater and saltwater, soil, and in association with plants -Need light, water, and carbon dioxide for food production and growth -Do not require organic compounds from environment Protozoa -Unicellular eukaryotic microbes -Move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

Fungi -Fungi are eukaryotes that are surrounded by a special envelope called the nuclear membrane. -Organisms here may be unicellular or multicellular. -Some of the larger fungi may look like plants (example: mushrooms), but fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis.

Helminths -A parasitic roundworm or flatworm Viruses -Different from other microbial groups -So small that most can only be seen with an electron microscope -They are acellular (not cells) -Contains a core made of only either DNA or RNA -Can reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms

9. What are the 2 types of cells on earth? What are the 3 domains of life on earth? -2 types of cells: Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells -3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

10. Write a few summary sentences for the following historical figures: Hooke -Observed a thin slice of cork through a crude microscope in 1665 and reported that life’s smallest structural units were little boxes or cells. -His discovery marked the beginning of the cell theory - the theory that all living things are composed of cells

Leeuwenhoek -First to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of the more than 400 microscopes he constructed -Wrote about the “animalcules” he saw through his simple, single-lens microscopes between 1673 and 1723 -Made detailed drawings of organisms he found in rain water, feces, and material scraped from teeth (These drawings have been identified to represent bacteria and the eukaryotic microbe - protozoa.

Redi -Set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not come about spontaneously -Filled two jars with decaying meat, one unsealed allowing flies to lay eggs on the meat, developing into larvae. The second jar was sealed and since the flies could not get into it, there were no maggots. -Antagonists not convinced: Redi set up a second experiment covering a jar with a fine net instead of sealing it. -No larvae appeared in the gauze covered jar, even if air was present

Needham -1745: Found that even after he heated chicken broth and corn broth before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms -Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids *-Responded to Spallanzani: Claimed the “vital force” necessary for spontaneous generation had been destroyed by the heat and was kept out of the flasks by seals**

Spallanzani -1765 (20 years later): Suggested that microorganisms from the air probably entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled -Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth -Observations were criticized on the grounds that there was not enough oxygen in the sealed flasks to support microbial life

Pasteur -Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but the air itself does not create microbes -Filled short-necked flasks with beef broth and then boiled the contents -Some were left open and allowed to cool. Few days later, they were found contaminated with microbes -The sealed after boiling flasks were not contaminated with microorganisms -Reasoned that microbes in the air were the agents responsible for contaminating nonliving matter -Second experiment: Placed broth in open-ended, long necked flasks and bent the necks into S shape curves. -Boiled and cooled contents. Broth did not decay and show no signs of living matter months later. -The S shape curved neck trapped any airborne microorganisms that might contaminate the broth -Showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter — solids, liquids, and in the air -Microbial life can be destroyed by heat and method can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms

Semmelweis

Lister -Microbes are in the air, heated and sealed = no microbes -Heated and unsealed = microbes -Studied disinfectants to prevent spread of diseases

Koch -German Physician & Pasteur’s rival in the race to discover the cause of anthrax, a disease that was destroying cattle and sheep in Europe. -Discovered rod-shaped bacteria (Bacillus Anthracis) in the blood of cattle that died of anthrax -Established koch postulates - sequence of environmental steps for directly relation a specific microbe to a specific disease -Proved Bacillus Anthracis caused anthrax -Developed steps to prove a specific microbe causes specific disease

Jenner -British Physician who embarked an experiment to find a way to protect people from small pox -Developed the very first Vaccine -Tested on a young boy, transferred liquid sores from milkmaid with cowpox to healthy boy. He was immune.

Ehrlich -Fired the first shot in the chemotherapy revolution -Developed penicillin, the first antibiotic

Fleming -Observed that penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed Saureus 11. Explain the following theories: Spontaneous generation -Living organisms arise from nonliving material; “vital force” forms life

Biogenesis

-Pasteur (1861) - Microorganisms are present in the air -Living cells arise only from pre-existing cells Cell -All livings things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells Germ -Rapidly growing cell

12. Explain the following terms: Vaccine Derived from word: Vacca - Cow Chemotherapeutic Relating to or used in chemotherapy Selective toxicity Antimicrobials that are toxic to neither humans or microbial cells 13. Be sure to start building chapter outlines (on germs and diseases) for the 3rd exam, notice that S. aureus and E. coli are already being introduced in chapter 1. 14. Describe 2 negative effects of microbes. -Disease -Parasitism -Spoilage -Degradation

15. Describe 2 benefits of microbes. -Less than 1% are pathogenic -300,000 - but only 150 cause disease ——Benefits: Oxygen and fossil fuel production, recycling of elements, decay matte, sewage treatment, bioremeditation

16. Name 2 recent emerging infectious diseases. -HIV -Ebola -Mad Cow Disease -SARS -MRSA and VRSA -West Nile Virus -Tuberculosis...