Chapter 1 Proposal Research proposal fsg 631 PDF

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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1 Background of studySolid waste management (SWM) is an important component of a comprehensive environmental management strategy. Based on environmental rules, SWM procedures are being updated to make SWM more feasible and successful, as well as to develop sustainability based o...

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background of study

Solid waste management (SWM) is an important component of a comprehensive environmental management strategy. Based on environmental rules, SWM procedures are being updated to make SWM more feasible and successful, as well as to develop sustainability based on the reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) principles (Das et al., 2019). SWM is a multifaceted topic with numerous technological, sociological, ecological, and political issues. Due to significant population growth, unplanned and quick urbanization, and serious health problems caused by insufficient public services, SWM is considerably more serious in developing nations (Bui et al., 2020). Solid waste management (SWM) is an autonomous procedure that is mostly determined by each country’s economic situation. Regardless of area, monitoring trash output is an important part of any waste management strategy (Istrate et al., 2020).

Biomass waste found as a abundance waste with the fact that it is a renewable carbon source. Wood and agriculture provide the majority of biomass. Palm kernel shell (PKS) had 12% of moisture lowest that the other components of oil palm solid residues (Hamzah et al., 2019). Plastic garbage is another waste that is plentiful. Plastic output has risen considerably over the last 70 years, with global plastic production reaching 368 million tons in 2019 and up from 359 million tons in 2018 (Shahdan et al., 2021). Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the abundance types of plastic. As the temperature of LDPE rises, it transforms from a solid to a viscous gummy liquid, then to a mobile fluid. LDPE has a melting point of only 115°C. The low density and melting point of LDPE make it easy to distinguish from other polymer compounds. The separation is carried out in a flotation tank with water (Saikrishnan et al., 2020).

Biomass and plastic waste can be converted into a useful product or energy such as bio-oil by using the thermochemical conversion such as pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction including the hydrothermal liquefaction. Pyrolysis is a method for dealing with long-chain organic materials. The product includes condensable hydrocarbon oil and operates at temperatures ranging from 350°C-700°C (Ong et al., 2019). Gasification conversion happened with the temperature of 700°C turning biomass into synthesis gas or syngas, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen (Khatun et al., 2021). Liquefaction can

occur at temperatures as high as 500°C and pressures as high as 271 bar. According to Khatun et al., (2021), the condition employed have a direct impact on the variety of products produced including solid residue, gas, and oils of various concentrations.

The temperature and pressure ranges for hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass and plastic are 250-374°C and 4-22 MPa, respectively. Liquefaction increases bio-oil quality by increasing higher heating value (HHV), bio-oil production, oxygen, and nitrogen content (Seshasayee & Savage, 2021). This technology is particularly well suited to converting high moisture biomass and plastics. When compared to pyrolysis, the HTL process has higher energy efficiency, lower operating temperature, and a higher tar output. The high pressure of HTL is a restriction that would raise system capital costs. As a result, it’s critical to assess if the benefits of operating at high pressure outweigh the disadvantages (Seshasayee & Savage, 2020).

1.2

Problem statement

According to Hongthong, (2021), biomass-plastics co-liquefaction is a viable approach to higher-value oils that might form the foundation of a green refinery. The addition of plastics to a biomass stream for

liquefaction could offer a number of advantages including improved bio-crude, monomer recovery in a biorefinery concept, and aqueous fraction stabilization. Plastic trash is difficult to recycle, especially low-quality, mixed, and contaminated waste, and is currently burnt or landfilled. As a result, expanding manufacturing routes is a promising waste management strategy. Co-liquefaction of biomass waste and polymer waste will reduce the depolymerization temperature and can produce product which is bio-oil with a CV that significantly improved.

The biomass is broken down into smaller molecules that are repolymerized into a hydrophobic, crude component under HTL conditions. Despite the fact that the biomass contains carbohydrate, lignin, lipid, and protein, all of which are reported HTL responses separately, the total HTL reaction kinetics and mechanism for actual biomass differs from the sum of the single species (Hamzah et al., 2019).

Individual

HTL

of

biomass

waste

used

a

low

depolymerization temperature but produced bio-oil with a low CV because of the high oxygen content while the individual HTL process of polymer waste will produce bio-oil that has a high CV with a high depolymerization temperature to change the liquid product to semi-solid upon cooling.

1.3

Significance of study

The study will be a significant endeavor to the researchers upgrade the quality of the bio-crude from the biomass and polymer waste. This research will utilize the high abundance of LDPE from industrial and daily usage as well as PKS from agricultural activities. According to Ncube et al., (2021), consumers in high-income countries generate more plastic garbage per capita than those in middle- and low-income countries because they have more buying power and can buy a wider range of plastic packaged goods. As for biomass waste, in the case of the timber sector and feedstock, less than 10% of biomass wastes have been employed for niche downstream applications. The problem of biomass waste that overflow may be exacerbated by a lack of technology to utilize all residual waste (Awalludin et al., 2015). From this research, plastic waste management systems will be improved.

This research also contributes to new knowledge in understanding the synergistic effect between PKS and LDPE by using HTL conversion process. A large number of research on plastic as a potential feedstock with biomass via pyrolysis or gasification have been conducted but not for HTL process (Ncube et al., 2021). According to Qiaoting et al., (2020), the synergistic impact lowers

the energy required for the PKS reaction, raises the energy required for the plastic reaction, and lower the total activation energy for the co-liquefaction

process.

Furthermore,

the

synergistic

effect

encourages the conversion of macromolecular volatiles into small molecules, as well as the production of hydrocarbons while inhibiting the production of oxygen-containing substances such as carbon dioxide and carboxylic acids.

1.4

Scope of study

Based on the percent conversion only, the synergistic effect of biomass waste and plastics waste will be study. Temperature and BW-to- PW ration will be examined, while other parameters such as sample-to-solvent ratio and pressure will remain constant.

1.5

Objective of study

This research will be focusing at the synergistic effect of PKS and LDPE in the hydrothermal liquefaction process. The following are the specific objectives of this research: 1. To determine how temperature affects the percent conversion of PKS and LDPE in the HTL process. 2. To identify how the PKS:LDPE ratio affects the percent conversion of PKS and LDPE mixtures in the HTL process. 3. To determine if PKS and LDPE have a synergistic effect in the HTL process.

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polyethylene (LDPE) blends exposed to simulated recycling. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 182, 109390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109390 Seshasayee, M. S., & Savage, P. E. (2020). Oil from plastic via hydrothermal liquefaction: Production and characterization. Applied Energy, 278(August), 115673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115673 Seshasayee, M. S., & Savage, P. E. (2021). Synergistic interactions during hydrothermal liquefaction of plastics and biomolecules. Chemical Engineering Journal, 417(March), 129268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129268 Shahdan, N. A., Balasundram, V., Ibrahim, N., & Isha, R. (2021). Catalytic copyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes over metal-modified HZSM-5: A mini critical review. Materials Today: Proceedings, (xxxx). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.215...