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27/10/2020

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Introduction To Biomechanics

Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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Lecture Resources CHAPTERS 1-3

CHAPTER 1

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is biomechanics?

bio

mechanics

The term biomechanics combines the prefix bio, meaning “life,” with the field of mechanics, which is the study of the actions of forces, (both internal muscle forces and external forces.) In biomechanics we analyze the mechanical aspects of living organisms. Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is biomechanics? Biomechanics is the science involving the study of biological systems from a mechanical prospective.

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is biomechanics? Biomechanics use the tools of mechanics , the branch of physics involving analysis of the actions of forces, to study the anatomical and functional aspects of living organisms.

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation? Required for major? Earn credits towards graduation? Why are sport skills/techniques the way they are? Etc.

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Sport Performance

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation? Improving Performance • •

Example: The coach observes several attempts and judges that the angle of take off from the round off and body arch are performed poorly.

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The coach's experience tells him that this athlete is strong enough to perform this skill, but they must decide if the gymnast should concentrate on her takeoff angle or more back hyperextension in the block.

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The coach he decides to help the gymnast work on her “arch” following the round off. a coach is working with a gymnast who is having problems with her back handspring

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Equipment Improvement

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Equipment Improvement

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation? Technique Improvement •

The design of sports equipment must be appropriate for an athlete, so rackets for children are shorter and lighter than adult rackets.

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Equipment Improvement

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Training Improvement

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Injury Prevention

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Therapy & Rehabilitation

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Safety

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is the motivation?

Research

David Antonio Gómez Jáuregui, 2011

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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Assignment No. 1 •

A short Powerpoint presentation

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A real life example on the applications of biomechanics

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To be delivered during the next lecture (28.10.2020)

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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Areas of study, research and practice Sport and Exercise Science Coaching Ergonomics Equipment Design Gait & Locomotion Orthopedics - Rehabilitation -Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy Prosthetics and Orthotics Motor Control Computer Simulation

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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Sub-branches of Biomechanics

Biomechanics, Shimaa Issa

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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Sub-branches of Biomechanics

• Statics: study of systems in constant motion, (including zero motion(at rest) or constant velocity. • Dynamics: acceleration

study

of

systems

subject

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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Sub-branches of Biomechanics

• Kinematics: study of the description of motion

appearance

or

• Kinetics: study of the actions of forces (Force can be thought of as a push or pull acting on a body.)

Introduction To Biomedical Engineering (BM2021) ‖ Instructed by: Dr. Jumana Ma’touq

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What is kinematics?

What we visually observe of a body in motion is called the kinematics of the movement. Kinematics is the study of the size, sequencing, and timing of movement, without regard for the forces that cause or result from the motion. The kinematics of an exercise or a sport skill is known, more commonly, as form or technique. 1-23

What is kinetics?

Kinetics is the study of forces, including internal forces (muscle forces) and external forces (the forces of gravity and the forces exchanged by bat and ball).

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What is kinesiology?

Kinesiology is the study of human movement. 1-25

What is sports medicine?

Sports medicine is an umbrella term that encompasses both clinical and scientific aspects of exercise and sport. 1-26

What questions or problems are studied by biomechanists?

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What questions are studied by biomechanists? How do toddlers learn to balance their torsos on little legs unaccustomed to walking? (This question spans the fields of biomechanics, motor learning, and motor development.)

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What questions are studied by biomechanists?

Some biomechanists investigate what causes different species of animals to transition from walking to running. (And how do you get animals to walk/run on a treadmill in order to study this?) 1-29

What questions are studied by biomechanists? When not subject to gravitational force, astronauts lose significant amounts of bone mass. (Bone atrophies when not subjected to forces.) Exercise, however, is known to increase bone mass. What kinds of exercise should astronauts do while in space in order to preserve as much bone as possible? (photo courtesy of NASA)

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What questions are studied by biomechanists? Loss of bone density is also a problem on earth. Osteoporosis is a condition common in elderly individuals in which bone mass and strength are so damaged that normal daily activities can cause bone fracturing and pain. What can people do to prevent the development of osteoporosis?

Scanning electron micrograph of human osteoporotic bone. Note the cracks compromising bone structure.

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What problems are studied by biomechanists?

Design of prosthetic limbs, including legs and feet that store and return mechanical energy during gait, is another problem addressed by biomechanists.

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What problems are studied by biomechanists? To address the problem of serious lower extremity stress fractures that have required hip replacements in young, competitive skaters biomechanists have invented a revolutionary new figure skate with a hinged ankle that dramatically reduces landing impact forces.

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What questions are studied by biomechanists?

What biomechanical elements of running technique enable some sprinters to dominate over others who are just as well trained and have just as strong physiological attributes?

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What questions are studied by biomechanists?

What technique modifications can contribute to performance improvements in the throwing events in track and field? (Biomechanists have studied these.) 1-37

What questions are studied by biomechanists?

What technique modifications can contribute to performance improvements in the jumping events in track and field? (Biomechanists have studied these.) 1-38

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What questions are studied by biomechanists? Computerized biomechanical analyses of golf swings are commonly available at golf courses and equipment shops. Biomechanics can play a role in optimizing the distance and accuracy of all golf shots, including putting. A common technique recommendation is to maintain a fixed center of rotation during the swing.

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What questions are studied by biomechanists?

Pitching can lead to stress injuries of the elbow and shoulder joints. What pitching technique characteristics minimize the mechanical stresses to these joints?

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What questions are studied by biomechanists? Whether lifting weights or lifting boxes in industry, the act of lifting places major mechanical stress on the low back. What lifting kinematics (techniques) can minimize this stress?

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What questions are studied by biomechanists?

Recreational runners, as well as athletes in many sports, often stretch before a work out. Does this actually help or hinder performance? (Increasing evidence suggests the latter…)

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative • Qualitative: pertaining to quality (without the use of numbers) For example: strong, skillful, agile, flexible, fast • Quantitative: involving numbers For example: running speed = 5 m/s height = 1.75 m mass = 68.2 kg

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Quantitatively, the robot missed the coffee cup by 15 cm. Qualitatively, he malfunctioned.

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Coaches rely heavily on qualitative observations of athletes’ performances in formulating advice about technique.

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Steps in Solving Formal Quantitative Problems • Read the problem carefully. • List the given information. • Write down what quantity is to be solved for. • Draw a diagram of the problem situation. • Select the appropriate formula to use. • Review the problem statement to determine if more information can be inferred.

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Steps in Solving Formal Quantitative Problems • Substitute the given information into the formula. • Solve the equation for the unknown variable. • Do a “common sense” check of the answer. • Box in your answer, including the correct units of measurement.

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Units of Measurements • Providing the correct units of measurement associated with the answer to a quantitative problem is important.

• It is also important to recognize the units of measurement associated with particular physical quantities. • English System : is a system of weights and measures originally developed in England and used in the United States today. • Metric System or SI: is a system of weights and measures used internationally in scientific applications and adopted for daily use by every major country except the United States 1-49

Units of Measurements

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Thank You Any Question?

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