Chapter 10 Study Guide PDF

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Saddleback College Bio 20

Chapter 10: Biotechnology I. II.

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VI. VII. VIII.

IX. X. XI.

What is biotechnology?Modifying genetic material of living organisms through artificial methods What is gel electrophoresis? Technique that allows scientists to separate molecules based on two features: a. It separates molecules based on ___size__ and __charge__.  b. An electrical current drives DNA to move to positive charged end. Why? What is PCR? A tool to amplify (increase the quantity of) small samples of DNA a. List the three steps : 1.Denaturing 2.Annealing 3.Elongation b. Why is the polymerase (the enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand) so special? it can create small samples of DNA and increase the quantity of those small samples. What is molecular cloning? Creating an exact copy of something a. What is the purpose? Creating copies of genes or copies of gene expressions b. How they are created? Plasmids What is a plasmid? Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that replicates independently from the bacterial chromosome•Are used as a vehicle to insert DNA a. How are they used as vehicles to insert DNA into other organisms? They help create complete parts of DNA by attaching to fragmented parts of foreign DNA. What is a restriction enzyme? Special enzymes found in bacteria that digest (cut) DNA •These enzymes recognize and digest specific nucleotide sequences of DNA What was the first animal to be officially and successfully cloned? Dolly the sheep What is genetic engineering? Using DNA technology to alter an organism’s DNA to achieve desirable characteristics•An organism that undergoes genetic engineering is called a genetically modified organism (GMO) What is an antibiotic? Medication used to treat bacterial infections a. Is it used to target bacteria or viruses? bacteria What is a vaccine? Injections to target viruses a. Is it used to target bacteria or viruses? viruses Provide two examples of how pharmacogenomics has benefited us as humans. Different prescriptions for eyeglasses and different drugs used to treat the same problems because not everyone reacts the same to the same drugs...think birth control....