Chapter 11 Notes - Neal PDF

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Psychology Chapter 11 Notes Psychoanalytic perspective- a personality approach that sees personality as the product of unconscious driving forces within a person Conscious level- the level of consciousness that holds all the thoughts, perceptions, and impulses of which we are aware Preconscious level- the level of consciousness that holds thoughts, perceptions, and impulses of which we could potentially be aware Unconscious level- the level of awareness that contains all the thoughts, perceptions, and impulses of which we are unaware Freud’s Structure of Personality:  Id- the unconscious part of the personality that seeks pleasure and gratification o Pleasure principle- the basis on which the id operates; the urge to feel good and maximize gratification  Ego- the conscious part of the personality that attempts to meet the demands of the id in a socially appropriate way o Reality principle- the basis on which the ego operates; finding socially appropriate means to fulfill id demands  Superego- the part of the personality that represents your moral conscience Defense mechanisms- a process used to protect the ego by reducing the anxiety it feels when faced with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development:  Oral stage- birth to 18 months  Anal stage- 18 months to 3 years  Phallic stage- 3 years to 6 years o Oedipus complex- in the male, an unconscious sexual urge for the mother that develops during the phallic psychosexual stage o Electra complex- in the female, an unconscious sexual urge for the father that develops during the phallic psychosexual stage  Latency stage- 6 years to puberty  Genital stage- puberty onward

Carl Jung  Personal unconscious- the part of the unconscious that consists of forgotten memories and repressed experiences from one’s past  Collective unconscious- the part of the unconscious that contains images and material universal to people of all time periods and cultures o Archetypes- mental representations or symbols of themes and predispositions to respond to the world in a certain way Alfred Adler  Inferiority complex  Birth order Karen Horney  Basic anxiety- the feeling of helplessness that develops in children from early relationships Trait approach- a personality perspective that attempts to describe personality by emphasizing internal, biological aspects of personality called traits Traits- tendency to behave in a certain way across most situations Allport’s Trait Theory: three types of traits make up personality  Secondary traits- the tendencies that are less consistent and describe how we behave in certain situations  Central traits- the tendencies to behave in a certain way across most situations  Cardinal traits- dominant elements of our personalities that drive all our behaviors Cattell’s Factor Analytic Trait Theory:  Surface traits- basic traits that describe people’s personalities  Source traits- universal tendencies that underlie and are at the core of surface traits (Cattell reduced the number of core personality traits to 16 source traits) Eysenck and Rachman found that introversion/extraversion and emotional stability/neuroticism measured people’s key characteristics.  Introversion- personality traits that involve energy directed inward  Extraversion- personality traits that involve energy directed outward  Emotional stability- having control over one’s emotions  Neuroticism- the degree to which one is emotionally unstable

Sensation seekers- a person who by trait tends to seek out arousing activities Psychoticism- the degree to which one is nonconforming, impulsive, and aggressive Costa and McCrae’s Five Factor Theory  Openness: the degree to which one is thoughtful and rational in considering new ideas  Conscientiousness: the degree to which one is aware of and attentive to other people, to the details of a task, or to both  Extraversion: the degree to which one’s energy is directed inward or outward  Agreeableness: the degree to which one gets along well with others  Neuroticism: the degree to which one is emotionally stable or unstable

Person–situation interaction- relationship among traits, situations, and behavior Changes in one’s personality traits are small after 30 years of age. Social cognitive approach- a personality perspective that emphasizes the influence of one’s thoughts and social experiences in formulating personality Albert Bandura  Reciprocal determinism- the constant interactions among one’s behavior, thoughts, and environment determine personality  Self-efficacy- the expectation that one has for success in a given situation Julian Rotter  Locus (location) of control- the expectation of control we have over the outcome of an event o Internal locus- outcomes of an event are in your control o External locus- outcomes of an event are out of your control Humanistic approach- a personality perspective that emphasizes free will in shaping personality; humans have a built-in drive toward fulfilling their own natural potential

Carl Rogers  Actualizing tendency- the natural drive in humans to strive for fulfillment and enhancement  Self-concept- one’s perception of their abilities and uniqueness  Unconditional positive regard- acceptance and love of another’s thoughts and feelings without expecting anything in return Measuring personality- reliability and validity Personality inventories- an objective paper-and-pencil or computerized self-report form that measures personality on several dimensions  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)- identify problem areas of functioning in an individual’s personality Projective test- subjective personality test in which an individual is shown an ambiguous stimulus and is asked to describe what they see  Rorschach Inkblot Test- 10 ambiguous inkblots in which a person is asked to describe what he or she sees; the person’s responses are then coded for consistent themes and issues  Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)- a series of pictures in which the respondent is asked to tell a story about each scene; the responses are then coded for consistent themes and issues Rating Scales- check off the statements or behaviors that most apply to you Clinical interview- the initial meeting between a client and a clinician in which the clinician asks questions to identify the difficulty in functioning that the person is experiencing...